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Chapter 2 pt. 1: Biology, Neurons, and Brain Imagery Warm Up - Reading Quiz Study until the bell. You will have 7 minutes for the reading quiz. The Neuron The basic building block of the nervous system is called the neuron or a nerve cell. Parts of the Neuron 1. Dendrites: branching extensions that receive incoming messages and pass messages toward the cell body. (Dendron = “tree” in Greek) 2. Soma: is the cell body - contains the nucleus. (Soma = “body” in Greek) Parts of A Neuron 3. Axon: extension of a neuron which sends messages from the soma to other neuron. Longest part of the neuron. (Think “axis” … a long line.) 4. Terminal Buttons: located on end of the axon. Release neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons. (“Terminal” just means “end”) Parts of A Neuron 5. Myelin Sheath: a layer of fatty cells encasing the fibers of many axons which allows faster transmission speeds in neurons. How Does A Neuron Communicate? Action Potential: neural impulse or brief electrical charge that travels down an axon at speeds as fast as 200 mph. It happens when you feel something. “ALL OR NOTHING” response (like a gun firing). Resting Potential: refers to the neuron when it is not active. Is negatively charged. Threshold: refers to the minimal level of stimulation required for a neural impulse to fire. Neuron Communication With Other Neurons For two neurons to communicate, the impulse (the message) from one must jump over a gap called the synapse to the other one. Synapse: space between the axon which is sending the signal and the dendrite which is receiving the signal. Neuron Communication At the end of the axon, the terminal buttons release neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that carry messages across the synapse. They influence whether another neural impulse will take place. (Epilepsy video) Answer these in your notes: 1) What is epilepsy? 2) How do electrical messages cross the space between nerve endings? 3) What are the two types of neurotransmitters? (Describe what the each do – the video didn’t say their names). Types of Neurotransmitters GABA: helps relax and calm down the body. – Shortage may cause Anxiety or Epilepsy. Types of Neurotransmitters 1. A-ce-tyl-cho-line – Important in learning and memory. – Best known for allowing muscle contraction. Shortage may lead to Alzheimer’s disease or muscular disorders. Types of Neurotransmitters 2. Serotonin: mood, hunger, and arousal. – Shortage may lead to depression 3. Dopamine: movement, attention, and emotion. – Excess may lead to schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease. Types of Neurotransmitters 4. Norepinephrine: helps control alertness and arousal when you are scared or excited. 5. Endorphins: “The morphine within.” Linked to pain control and pleasure. (Runner’s high) Agonists vs. Antagonists Agonists are chemicals that mimic the effects of a neurotransmitter. Antagonists are chemicals that block the transmission of a neurotransmitter.