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Transcript
The Neural Control of Behavior Chapter 5 Gray, Psychology, 6e Worth Publishers © 2010 Quick Question • Do you think your brain today is the same as it was when you were born? Why or why not? Types of Neurons • Sensory neurons – Information from sensory organs • Motor neurons – Information from CNS to muscles/glands • Interneurons – In the CNS, information from one neuron to another Parts of the Neuron • Cell body – Keeps the cell alive • Dendrites – Receive messages • Axon – Sends messages – Ends in the axon terminal – May have myelin sheath Action Potential • All-or-none firing response • Can change the rate of impulses to increase strength • Depolarization and repolarization Synaptic Transmission • Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic gap • Key and lock • Excitatory vs. inhibitory synapse Studying the Human Brain • • • • • Observing localized brain damage Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Electroencephalogram (EEG) Positron emission tomography (PET) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Studying the Non-Human Brain • Brain lesions • Stimulation • Electrical recording • Why do you think these methods are usually reserved for non-human animals? Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous Systems • Sympathetic nervous system – Fight or flight • Parasympathetic nervous system – Growth promoting, energy saving Spinal Cord • Pathway to the brain • Organizes simple reflexes • Pattern Generation Brainstem • Medulla • Pons – Postural reflexes – Vital reflexes • Midbrain – Species-typical movement patterns Thalamus • Relays sensory and motor signals • Arousal of the brain • Did you know that Michael J. Fox had surgery on his thalamus to help with his symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease? Cerebellum and Basil Ganglia • Coordinate skilled movements • Feedback • Feed-forward Limbic System • Amygdala – Regulation of basic drives and emotions • Hippocampus – Encoding certain memories Hypothalmus • Regulates the internal environment of the body – Influences the autonomic nervous system – Controls the release of certain hormones – Affects certain drive states, such as hunger and thirst – Helps regulate emotional states, such as fear and anger Cerebral Cortex • • • • Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Hemispheric Specialization • Left Hemisphere – Language • Right Hemisphere – Non-verbal, visuospatial information Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s Area • Broca’s area – Broca’s aphasia • Wernicke’s area – Wernicke’s aphasia Experience and the Brain • If you use it, it will grow • Neurons that fire together wire together – Hebbian synapse – Long-term potentiation Hormones and the Brain • Hormones vs. neurotransmitters – Snail mail vs. email • Neurohormones Drugs and the Brain • Drugs vs. hormones • Drugs and synaptic transmission • Do you know anyone who takes an antidepressant medication such as Zoloft or Prozac? These drugs block the re-uptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin Assessment • Take a minute to right down as many words as you can remember that relate to neurons without looking at your notes.
