Download Peripheral Nervous System

First Lesson: Neurons
 People are made up of neurons. We are one neural
network.
Second Lesson: The Central Nervous System (CNS)
1. Brain
2. Spinal Cord
Third Lesson: Peripheral Nervous System
Everything on the Sidelines
Word from McCrimmon, “Nature gives us about 2 tanks of
gas (neurons) to get through life, but things like drugs
and alcohol kill neurons. SAVE your neurons!”
Dendrites
* Receives Messages
from other Neurons
* Plug into Cell body
Cell Body
1. Nucleus
2. DNA
Axon
* Determines Size
Small, med, large
Example:
Large Neuron
Myelin Sheath
* Insulator
on both sides of Axon
Example:
Myelin Sheath = Rubber of an Extension Cord
Axon = Wires Inside.
Terminal Buttons (AKA: Axon Terminals)
* Sends Messages
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Messages are gathered by the dendrites &
cell body
Transmitted along the axon in the form of a
short electrical impulse called
Action Potential
Pre-synaptic Neuron = Message Sending Neuron
Post-synaptic Neuron = Message Receiving Neuron
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Synapse or Synaptic Gap = Space
between neurons
Neurotransmitters = Neural substance
that jumps the synapses to fire the next
neuron
Not all neurons are created equal. If
neurons were created equal, there
would be no paraplegics. Docs would
just take a neuron from one part of our
body and replace the broken neuron,
but each neuron is unique.
To gain a better understanding of how
neurons work, click the following link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9p2o
u1IyC0
1. Endorphins = Body feels pain, brain
floods with endorphins
Example: If one stubs their toe, it tends to hurt super bad,
but as soon as those endorphins fill the brain one
starts to shake it off.
Reduces the perception of pain
 Alcohol & Drugs = Artificial
“Beta Endorphins”

2. Dopamine = Regulates movement
“Traffic Cop”

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Movement, attention, learning,
pleasurable sensations
No dopamine = Traffic jam in the brain
Dopamine = “Parkinson’s Disease”
Dopamine = Mental Disorders
(Schizophrenia)
3. Serotonin = Brings us up when down

Balance – Calming agent

Sleep, moods, emotional states
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Antidepressant drugs (Prozac)
serotonin in certain areas of the brain
Antidepressant = Artificial serotonin
Nervous System
Central
Nervous System
(CNS)
Brain
Spinal
Cord
Peripheral
Nervous
System
Somatic
Nervous
System
Sympathetic
Nervous
System
Autonomic
Nervous
System
Parasympathetic
Nervous System
There are 2 types of cells
1. NEURONS


Specific birth-date
(0-12) – Neurons are like a full running
faucet. 0-12 is the age neurons are at their
highest growth.
(13-18) – Neurons are developing at the
rate of a dribbling faucet now.
(18+) – At the age of 18 most neurons have
found their specific destination and the
faucet only drips.
2. GLIAL CELLS


Supply tracks
For example, sometimes the
neuron acts dumb and glial
cells piggyback the neuron to
the correct spot.
Specific destination in body or
doesn’t work
For example, if ones DNA gets
scrambled and a neuron that
belongs in the elbow goes to
the knee instead, the neuron
will not work.
Helps neurons migrate to the
destination

http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=YYiyhcZCNxc
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3½ Pounds
Pinkish Grey (Healthy)
Gyri (Grooves in Brain)
** Deep grooves; like the
tread on a tire = healthy. A bald
brain or “tire” = bad brain
Master Organ of Body
The Brain Makes Us the Top
Species on Earth

3 Main Parts
1 Forebrain
2 Midbrain
3 Hindbrain

90% of the brain

Cerebral Cortex (Heads Hat)
• Gross motor coordination (walking,
standing, sitting)
• Intelligence
• Reasoning / Personality
Divided into 2 Cerebral Hemispheres
Left Brain
Right Brain
Corpus Callosum = Communication Link
LEFT
HEMISPHERE
Math
RIGHT HAND
Language
Science
Factual
Writing
RIGHT
HEMISPHERE
LEFT HAND
S
p
o
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
Music
Appreciation
Dance
Art
Appreciation
Fantasy
• Voluntary muscle movements
Frontal • Thinking, Planning &
Lobe
Emotional Control
• Reasoning & Personality
Parietal • Somatic Sensation:
Lobe
Touch, Temp., Pressure
Occipital Lobe • Visual
Temporal Lobe • Processes Auditory Info.
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Processes Auditory & Visual Info.
Guides one toward the direction of
sound
Helps one visually locate objects & track
movements
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Pons = “Bridge” Holds brain together
Cerebellum =
* Balance
* Multi Tasking
* Fine Motor (Advanced Coordination)
Medulla =
* Directly above the spinal cord
*Controls Functions like:
Breathing, heart rate, digestion & reflexes
(swallowing, coughing, vomiting & sneezing

The midbrain & hindbrain make-up the
brainstem
 Limbic System(border around the brainstem) –
controls emotions
** Hippocampus – Learning & Memory
** Thalamus - Senses
** Hypothalamus – Emotion & Motivation
** Amygdala – Emotion & Memory

Peripheral
Nervous System
Somatic Nervous
System:
Voluntary functions
Diff. sensations
experience (entire body)
Autonomic Nervous
System:
Involuntary Functions
Regulates: Heart rate, blood
pressure, breathing &
digestion
Sympathetic
Nervous System:
Arouses
Parasympathetic
Nervous System:
Calms
Glands located throughout the body that
secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Pituitary Gland
* Pea sized
* Makes men, men & women, women
Master Gland
Human Growth
Sex Hormones
& Dev.
ANDROGENS - MEN
75% Testosterone & 25% Estrogen
ESTROGENS - WOMEN
25% Testosterone & 75% Estrogen
More body hair
Extra layer of fat
Lower monotone voice
Curvy
Chunky
Makes vagina flexible
Muscle mass
Emotions
Aggression
Sex