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NEURONS & NEUROTRANSMISSION Neuron •The basic building block of the nervous system -- a nerve cell •Neurons perform three basic tasks •Receive information •Carry the information •Pass the information on to the next neuron Neurons •Neurons “fire” -- send an impulse down their length -- or they don’t “fire” (all or none principle) •Neurons come in a variety of shapes, sizes, etc. Neurons Parts of the Neuron - Dendrites Parts of the Neuron - Soma Parts of the Neuron - Axon Parts of the Neuron – Myelin Sheath Parts of the Neuron – Axon Terminals D= Dendrite A = Axon T= Terminal In your row of three, the person closest to the window explains what the dendrite does, the middle person explains what the axon does, and the last person explains the purpose of the axon terminal. *** You have 10 seconds to send this message down your row. *** THE NEURAL IMPULSE Resting Potential •The state of a neuron when it is at rest and capable of generating an action potential •The neuron is set and ready to fire Action Potential •A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of the neuron. •Fire in an all-or-nothing manner •When fired, and impulse is sent and the neuron depolarizes. Refractory Period •The “recharging phase” when a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential (it is repolarizing) •Once the refractory period is complete the neuron can fire again Urinal Demonstration – Lets Go… Q upstairs boys restroom. Neuron firing like a Toilet 1. Like a Neuron, a toilet has an action potential. When you flush, an “impulse” is sent down the sewer pipe Neuron firing like a Toilet 2. Like a neuron, a toilet has a refractory period. There is a short delay after flushing when the toilet cannot be flushed again because the tank is being refilled Neuron firing like a Toilet 3. Like a Neuron, a toilet has a resting potential. The toilet is “charged” when there is water in the tank and it is capable of being flushed again Neuron firing like a Toilet 4. Like a Neuron, a toilet operates on the all-or-none principle – it always flushes with the same intensity, no matter how much force you apply to the handle •Direction of impulse – neural impulse can only go one direction; the toilet only flushes one way, the impulse can’t come the other direction (you hope!) •Threshold – critical point after which neural impulse is fired; you can push the handle a little bit, but it won’t flush until you push the handle past a certain critical point. This corresponds to the level of excitatory neurotransmitters that a neuron must absorb before it will fire. All-or-None Principle •The principle that if a neuron fires it will always fire at the same intensity •All action potentials are of the same strength. •A neuron does NOT fire at 30%, 45% or 90% but at 100% each time it fires. COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NEURONS Synapse •The tiny, fluid filled gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron •The action potential cannot jump the gap Neurotransmitters •A chemical messenger that travels across the synapse from one neuron to the next •Can influence whether the second neuron will generate an action potential or not Neurotransmitters Excitatory Effect •A neurotransmitter effect that makes it more likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential (impulse) •The second neuron is more likely to fire. Inhibitory Effect •A neurotransmitter effect that makes it less likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential (impulse) •The second neuron is less likely to fire. Receptor Cells •Specialized cells in the sensory systems of the body that can turn other kinds of energy into action potentials that the nervous system can process •Receptor cells in the eye turn light into a neural impulse the brain understands. Show: Neural Communication video clip from anthology (1:45) NERVES Sensory Nerves •Nerves that carry information to the central nervous system •Connect the sense organs to the brain and spinal cord Interneurons •Nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord responsible for processing information related to sensory input and motor output Motor Nerves •Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system •Carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of your body A Neural Chain A Neural Chain A Neural Chain A Neural Chain A Neural Chain