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Biology & Behavior Neuron The neuron or nerve cell is adapted for ____________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________. Three major regions of the neuron enable the cell to ________________________ _______________________________________________________________________. Parts of the Neuron 1. Dendrites a. The dendrites are _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________. 2. The Cell Body a. The cell body (a.k.a. _______________ or _______________) contains _______________ and the nucleus which directs _________________________________________________________________. 3. Axon a. The axon emerges from the _______________ _______________ as a single _______________ _______________ (longer than a _______________) which branches and ends in tips called _______________ _______________ (a.k.a. _______________ _______________, _______________ _______________, _______________ _______________ or _______________ _______________). b. The axon may be covered by an _______________ _______________ _______________. c. Spaces between segments are called nodes of _______________. Nervous System The ______________________________ ______________________________ system of the body Sends messages from the _______________ to the _______________ for movement Brings _______________ to the _______________ from the _______________ How Neurons Communicate: The Neural Impulse 1. Action Potential a. A _______________ _______________; a brief _______________ _______________ that travels down the _______________ of a neuron b. Considered an “_______________”_______________ of the neuron 2. Refractory Period a. The “_______________ _______________” during which a neuron, after firing, cannot _______________ another _______________ _______________ b. Once the refractory period is complete the neuron can _______________ _______________ 3. Resting Potential a. The state of a neuron when it is at _______________ and capable of _______________ an action potential b. The neuron is set and _______________ _______________ _______________ 4. All-or-None Principle a. The principle stating that ___________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________. b. All action potentials are ___________________________________________. c. A neuron does NOT fire at _______________, _______________ or _______________ but at _______________ each time it _______________. 5. Synapse a. The tiny, _______________ -_______________ _______________ between the _______________ _______________ of one neuron and the _______________ of another neuron b. The action potential cannot ________________________________________. 6. Neurotransmitters a. A _______________ _______________ that travels across the _______________ from one neuron to the next b. Can influence whether the second neuron will ________________________ _________________________________________________________________. 7. Excitatory Effect a. A neurotransmitter effect that makes it _______________ likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential or “_______________” b. The second neuron is _______________ _______________ to fire. 8. Inhibitory Effect a. A neurotransmitter effect that makes it _______________ likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential or “_______________” b. The second neuron is _______________ _______________ to fire. Receptor Cells Specialized cells in the _______________ _______________ of the body that can turn other kinds of energy into _______________ _______________ (________________ ______________) that the brain can process Receptor cells in the eye turn _______________ into a _______________ _______________ the brain understands. Sensory Nerves Nerves that carry information from the _______________ _______________ to the _______________ _______________ and _______________. Connect the _______________ _______________ to the _______________ and _______________ _______________. Interneurons _______________ cells in the _______________ and _______________ _______________ responsible for _______________ _______________ Related to _______________ input and _______________ output Motor Nerves _______________ that carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the _______________ _______________ _______________ . Carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to _________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Divisions of the Nervous System 1. Central Nervous System (CNS) a. The brain and spinal cord i. The _______________ is the location of most _______________ _______________. ii. The spinal cord is the _______________ _______________ to and from the brain. 1. Also has _______________ _______________ 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) a. The _______________ and _______________ nerves that connect the brain and the spinal cord to _______________________________________. b. Peripheral means “________________ ______________” c. The system is subdivided into the _______________ and _______________ nervous systems. d. Somatic Nervous System i. The division of the peripheral nervous system that _____________ ____________________________________________________________ ii. Contains the motor nerves needed for _________________________ e. Autonomic Nervous System i. The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls _______ ____________________________________________________________ ii. Monitors the _______________ _______________ iii. Controls ___________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ iv. Sub-divided into the _______________ and _____________________ nervous systems 1. Sympathetic Nervous System a. The part of the autonomic nervous system that ________________________________________________ b. _______________ ________ _______________ response 2. Parasympathetic Nervous System a. The part of the autonomic nervous system that _____________________________________________ b. Brings the body back down to _____________________________________________ Endocrine System One of the body’s two _______________ systems A set of glands that produce hormones-- __________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 1. Hormone a. Chemical _______________ produced by the _______________ _______________ and circulated in the _______________ b. Similar to _______________ in that they are also messengers c. Slower communication system, but with ____________________________ 2. Pituitary Gland a. The endocrine system’s gland that, in conjunction with the brain, controls __________________________________________________________________ b. Called the “_______________ _______________” c. Located ______________________________ and connects to the __________________________________________________________________ 3. Thyroid Gland a. Endocrine gland that ______________________________________________ b. Located ______________________________ 4. Adrenal Gland a. Endocrine glands that help ________________________________________ b. Located _________________________________________________________ c. Release _______________ (_______________) and _______________ (_______________) 5. Pancreatic Gland a. Regulates ________________________________________________________ 6. Sex Glands a. _______________ (females) and _______________ (males) are the glands that influence _______________ and _______________ _______________. b. Testosterone – ____________________________________________________ c. Estrogen – _______________________________________________________ d. Males and females have both _______________ and _______________ in their systems.