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Organization and Development Atypical Visual Development in! of the Nervous System: Infants at Risk for ! Osher Series Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)! Karen Dobkins! Karen Dobkins Psychology Department Psychology Department! University California, Diego University of of California, SanSan Diego! Funded by:! !Autism Speaks / The M.I.N.D. Institute ! !and NICHD (R01 HD052804-01)! 5 Week Lecture Outline 1) Introduction and Neural Communication 2) Neurotransmitters and Drugs 3) Anatomy of the Nervous System 4) The Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain 5) Brain Development and Evolution Lecture 1: Atypical Visual Development in! Introduction and Neural Communication Infants at Risk for ! Osher Series Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)! Karen Dobkins! Karen Dobkins Psychology Department Psychology Department! University of California, San Diego University of California, San Diego! Funded by:! !Autism Speaks / The M.I.N.D. Institute ! !and NICHD (R01 HD052804-01)! Today’s Lecture Outline 1) Central vs. Peripheral Nervous System (CNS vs. PNS) 2) Spinal Cord 3) Mitosis and Regeneration in Neurons 4) Parts of a Neuron 5) Neural Communication THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1) Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and Spinal Cord 2) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): The Rest Two types of cells in the Nervous System: 1) Neurons (100 billion, 1011): communicate through electrical signals 2) Glia (1012, but 1/10th the size of neurons) form the myelin sheath (insulation) of neurons SPINAL CORD Communication between brain (CNS) and senses and muscles (PNS) below the head. Spinal Column = Spinal Cord + Backbone (i.e., vertebrae) 4 sections: cervical (8), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), and coccyx C3,C4,C5: diaphragm movement (both voluntary and automatic control) Christopher Reeve -> C 1-2 Vertebrae ! NEURON: Mitosis (Make New Cells/Neurons) and Regeneration (Repair Injured Neurons) MITOSIS: After development, neurons in both the CNS and PNS lose their ability to undergo mitosis…… which is a bummer if there is an injury (e.g., stroke). Why? they have a history of intricate connections Exceptions: Some neurons that DO undergo Mitosis (adults) 1) Olfactory neurons 2) Isolated parts of bird, rodent and PRIMATE brain (e.g., hippocampus involved in memory) QUESTION: As we age… don’t brain cells die and are not replaced? (uh-oh!) No, they just shrink and are less functional. Phew! ?? ! And what about BRAIN CANCER? Isn’t cancer when mitosis has gone wild??!! Well… brain cancer is usually GLIA, not NEURONS Glial cells in both the CNS and PNS undergo mitosis. ! REGENERATION: of cut AXONS in the PNS …. not the CNS In PNS, there are mechanisms for creating collagen around the injury to act as a “bridge” for axons to grow along. Why not in CNS??? (especially important to know for spinal cord injury) No one really knows why How Neurons are like other cells: synapse! Node of Ranvier! Components unique to NEURONS: soma (sometimes called “cell body”) dendrites (one or many): receive signals axon (one main): sends signals (starts at axon hillock) myelin sheath (glia): Not found in invertebrates nodes of Ranvier (will come back to later today) presynaptic (“before the synapse”) terminals synapse PRESYNAPTIC! POSTSYNAPTIC! synapse! Node of Ranvier! Neuronal Communication Electrical signal sent from one neuron to the next (from the “presynaptic” -> “postsynaptic” neuron , or muscle ) Neuromuscular Junction PRESYNAPTIC! POSTSYNAPTIC! R R R R R R synapse! R R R R Overview of Events: 1) Electrical signal starts in the presynaptic neuron and travels down the axon to the presynaptic terminals. 2) Causes release of neuotransmitter into the synapse 3) Neuotransmitter binds to receptors (R) on postsynaptic neuron’s dendrites 4) Triggers an electrical signal in postsynaptic neuron, and so on….. MORE NEXT LECTURE Speed of Transmission: speed of light: 3 x 108 m/sec myelinated: 100 m/sec thick unmyelinated: 10 m/sec thin unmyelinated: 1 m/sec DEMO of the “Nerve Impulse” Electrical Signals Travel Along the Neuron with the ACTION POTENTIAL ION CHANNELS in Membrane K+ = Potassium Na+ = Sodium Open and Close, letting ions in/out of the neuron Nodes of Ranvier / Saltatory Conduction What goes wrong in Multiple Sclerosis?