Download the nervous system

HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 1 (101-805-AB)
PAUL ANDERSON 2017
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
UNIT 5: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
1.
Describe the basic functions of the nervous system and describe how the nervous system is vital
to the maintenance of homeostasis.
2.
Describe the basic reflex design of the nervous system.
3. a.
Describe the structural and functional organization of the nervous system into Central Nervous
System and Peripheral Nervous System (Afferent and Efferent Divisions).
b. Describe the functional organization of the Efferent Division of the Peripheral Nervous System into
Autonomic Nervous System and Somatic Nervous System.
3.
a.
Describe the structure and functions of Neurons and Neuroglia.
Describe the anatomy of a myelinated multipolar neuron, using the following terms and state the
functions of each part.
Cell body, nucleus, perikaryon, Nissl bodies, neurofibrils, mitochondria,
Dendrites, axon, axon hillock, axon terminals (synaptic knob), Schwann cell, myelin sheath,
neurilemma, nodes of Ranvier, internode.
b. Describe the structure and classification of neurons into unipolar, bipolar and multipolar neurons,
with examples.
c.
Describe the classification of neurons into sensory neurons, motor neurons and interneurons, with
examples.
d. Give the functions, locations and medical importance of each of the following types of neuroglia in the
nervous system.
astrocyes: oligodendrocytes: microglia: ependymal cells: Schwann cells
4. a.
Define the three methods of communication in the nervous system
Graded Potentials, Action Potentials and Synaptic Transmission
b. Compare Graded Potentials (at receptors and receptive areas of neurons) and Action Potentials (in axons).
5.
Define Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) and state its two main causes.
6.
Define Depolarisation and Hyperpolarisation of neurons and relate them to changes in membrane
+
+
permeability to Na and K .
9.
Explain the origin of the Nerve Impulse (Action Potential), using the following terms:
+
polarized cell: resting membrane potential (RMP): stimulus: electrically sensitive gated Na channels:
Na inflow: depolarisation : threshold potential: positive feedback:
+
+
electrically sensitive gated K channels; K outflow: repolarisation; hyperpolarisation:
refractory period (relative and absolute)
10.
State the all or none law for impulse conduction.
11.
Explain why communication in the nervous system is unidirectional.
Anatomy & Physiology 1 (101-805)
Unit 5 The Nervous System
Learning Objectives
2017
12.
Define local circuits and explain how an impulse travels by “self - propagation” and compare
conduction in myelinated fibers (“saltatory conduction”) with that in non - myelinated nerve fibers.
13.
Define the term Synapse and describe the anatomy of a typical chemical synapse using the
following terms:
presynaptic neuron; axon terminal (synaptic knob):
synaptic vesicles: synaptic cleft: post synaptic neuron: post synaptic receptors.
14.
Outline the events of synaptic (neuro) transmission using the following terms:
• depolarization of presynaptic neuron: calcium channels: exocytosis:
• binding of neurotransmitter to receptors:
+ +
• opening of chemically gated ion channels to Na , K and/or Cl :
• change in membrane potential of post synaptic membrane:
• transmitter inactivation or reabsorption.
15.
Distinguish between excitatory and inhibitory synapses and define the terms excitatory
post synaptic potentials (EPSP) and inhibitory post synaptic potentials (IPSP)
16.
Explain how multipolar neurons act as miniature integrating centers, by describing the effects
of the following on the frequency of action potentials in the postsynaptic neuron.
- spatial and temporal summation of post synaptic potentials
- balance between active inhibitory and active excitatory synapses.
17.
Define facilitation and inhibition of post synaptic neurons and give examples of each in the nervous system.
18.
Recognize the following to be Neurotransmitters.
acetylcholine, , gama amino butyric acid (GABA), serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine
(catecholamines), endorphins.
19.
Define, with examples, the pattern of Convergence in the nervous system.
References
Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, Martini & Bartholomew,
7th edition, 2017, Ch. 8, pp. 244 –260.
6th edition, 2013, Ch. 8, pp. 244 – 259.