ibogaine: a review
... addiction, and its mechanism of action does not appear to be readily explained on the basis of existing pharmacologic approaches to addiction. Ibogaine’s effects may result from complex interactions between multiple neurotransmitter systems rather than predominant activity within a single neurotrans ...
... addiction, and its mechanism of action does not appear to be readily explained on the basis of existing pharmacologic approaches to addiction. Ibogaine’s effects may result from complex interactions between multiple neurotransmitter systems rather than predominant activity within a single neurotrans ...
Mechanisms of Leptin Action and Leptin Resistance
... the SH2 proteins that they recruit. There are three conserved residues on the intracellular domain of LRb: Tyr985 , Tyr1077 , and Tyr1138 . Data from our and other labs suggest that all three of these sites are phosphorylated and contribute to downstream leptin signaling (8, 54, 55, 60, 60a). There ...
... the SH2 proteins that they recruit. There are three conserved residues on the intracellular domain of LRb: Tyr985 , Tyr1077 , and Tyr1138 . Data from our and other labs suggest that all three of these sites are phosphorylated and contribute to downstream leptin signaling (8, 54, 55, 60, 60a). There ...
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Reelin Signaling in the Adult
... intact brain and further emphasize that extracellular proteolysis of Reelin by tPA and other yet-to-be identified proteases is important to consider when trying to understand how altered Reelin processing and/or expression contribute to cognitive impairments associated with disease states. In Chapte ...
... intact brain and further emphasize that extracellular proteolysis of Reelin by tPA and other yet-to-be identified proteases is important to consider when trying to understand how altered Reelin processing and/or expression contribute to cognitive impairments associated with disease states. In Chapte ...
Histamine in the Nervous System
... neurons in all central ganglia (150). Histamine induces excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials (216, 459) and modulations (109, 811) in a variety of follower cells (98). Histamine-containing somata and fibers are widespread in arthropod brains, with the most intense labeling in the retinal ph ...
... neurons in all central ganglia (150). Histamine induces excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials (216, 459) and modulations (109, 811) in a variety of follower cells (98). Histamine-containing somata and fibers are widespread in arthropod brains, with the most intense labeling in the retinal ph ...
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral oxycodone in
... O-demethylation of codeine has been shown to account for most, if not all, of the analgesic activity of codeine.6,7 Oxymorphone is a remarkably potent -opioid ligand, with 2 to 5 times higher -opioid receptor affinity and in vivo analgesic potency than morphine.8 –11 However, recent data showed th ...
... O-demethylation of codeine has been shown to account for most, if not all, of the analgesic activity of codeine.6,7 Oxymorphone is a remarkably potent -opioid ligand, with 2 to 5 times higher -opioid receptor affinity and in vivo analgesic potency than morphine.8 –11 However, recent data showed th ...
Salvia divinorum and Salvinorin A: An Update on Pharmacology and
... Systemic administration of salvinorin A to rats showed an elevation in intracranial self-stimulation levels, which is explained as a depressive-like effect [15]. In addition, KOR antagonists exerted an antidepressant-like activity in the forced swimming test (FST) with rats [16], which is a well-est ...
... Systemic administration of salvinorin A to rats showed an elevation in intracranial self-stimulation levels, which is explained as a depressive-like effect [15]. In addition, KOR antagonists exerted an antidepressant-like activity in the forced swimming test (FST) with rats [16], which is a well-est ...
Dynamic Equilibrium of Neurotransmitter Transporters: Not Just for
... al. 1999; Roepstorff and Lambert 1992; Thompson and Gahwiler 1992), and blockade of GABA transporters increases extracellular [GABA] as measured with a sniffer patch (Isaacson et al. 1993). Direct evidence for uptake after synaptic neurotransmitter release has also been obtained using measurement of ...
... al. 1999; Roepstorff and Lambert 1992; Thompson and Gahwiler 1992), and blockade of GABA transporters increases extracellular [GABA] as measured with a sniffer patch (Isaacson et al. 1993). Direct evidence for uptake after synaptic neurotransmitter release has also been obtained using measurement of ...
ORAL UPF/ TESI DOCT Nicotine addiction phenotypes in a BAC transgenic mouse
... nicotine addiction. Specifically, we focus on the cluster CHRNA5/A3/B4 of human chromosome 15, which human genetic studies have identified as a strong candidate for nicotine dependence and smoking-related behaviours. This cluster codifies for the alpha5, alpha3 and beta4 subunits of the nicotinic ac ...
... nicotine addiction. Specifically, we focus on the cluster CHRNA5/A3/B4 of human chromosome 15, which human genetic studies have identified as a strong candidate for nicotine dependence and smoking-related behaviours. This cluster codifies for the alpha5, alpha3 and beta4 subunits of the nicotinic ac ...
34 ECDD 2006/4.3 ...
... Ketamine is an arylcycloalkylamine structurally related to cyclidines, like eticyclidine, phencyclidine, rolicyclidine and tenocyclidine. It is a NMDA-receptor-antagonist used as an anaesthetic in both human and veterinary medicine. Furthermore a number of effects on various neurotransmitter systems ...
... Ketamine is an arylcycloalkylamine structurally related to cyclidines, like eticyclidine, phencyclidine, rolicyclidine and tenocyclidine. It is a NMDA-receptor-antagonist used as an anaesthetic in both human and veterinary medicine. Furthermore a number of effects on various neurotransmitter systems ...
Dextromethorphan Pre
... Neuropharmacology and effects on central nervous system Dextromethorphan (d-3-methoxy-N-methylmorphinan) is the d-isomer of the codeine analogue methorphan; however, unlike the l-isomer, it does not act through opioid receptors. Instead, dextromethorphan binds with high affinity to sites associated ...
... Neuropharmacology and effects on central nervous system Dextromethorphan (d-3-methoxy-N-methylmorphinan) is the d-isomer of the codeine analogue methorphan; however, unlike the l-isomer, it does not act through opioid receptors. Instead, dextromethorphan binds with high affinity to sites associated ...
Mitochondrial support of persistent presynaptic vesicle mobilization
... perfusion-fixed (Figure 2E). It is unlikely that these spines simply retracted, leaving intact presynaptic boutons, because the frequency of nonsynaptic boutons did not increase (Figure 2E). The frequency of single synaptic boutons in the LTP condition was comparable to the perfusion-fixed and great ...
... perfusion-fixed (Figure 2E). It is unlikely that these spines simply retracted, leaving intact presynaptic boutons, because the frequency of nonsynaptic boutons did not increase (Figure 2E). The frequency of single synaptic boutons in the LTP condition was comparable to the perfusion-fixed and great ...
Mash-Summary-Ibogain..
... rate, systolic and diastolic phil levels, across time or by treatment condition. White blood cell count, neurotro changes from sodium or potassium levels were in the normal range. No significant e aminotransbaseline were seen for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum aspartat ...
... rate, systolic and diastolic phil levels, across time or by treatment condition. White blood cell count, neurotro changes from sodium or potassium levels were in the normal range. No significant e aminotransbaseline were seen for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum aspartat ...
Modafinil attenuates reinstatement of cocaine seeking: role for
... inhibit drug seeking via this mechanism was recently supported by a report showing that modafinil inhibits reinstatement of extinguished morphine seeking in a conditioned place preference paradigm, and that this effect was prevented by systemic blockade of mGluR2/3 receptors (Tahsili-Fahadan et al. ...
... inhibit drug seeking via this mechanism was recently supported by a report showing that modafinil inhibits reinstatement of extinguished morphine seeking in a conditioned place preference paradigm, and that this effect was prevented by systemic blockade of mGluR2/3 receptors (Tahsili-Fahadan et al. ...
Adenine Nucleotides Undergo Rapid, Quantitative Conversion to
... The existence in brain of multiple subtypes of extracellular adenosine receptors, physiological responses linked to activation of those receptors, the normal presence of adenosine in the extracellular space, and the marked increases in adenosine that can occur under various conditions (e.g., hypoxia ...
... The existence in brain of multiple subtypes of extracellular adenosine receptors, physiological responses linked to activation of those receptors, the normal presence of adenosine in the extracellular space, and the marked increases in adenosine that can occur under various conditions (e.g., hypoxia ...
6-keto, 7,8
... Fentanyl is a μ agonist with about 80 times the poyency of morphine. The advantages of fentanyl over morphine for anesthetic procedures are its short duration of action (1to 2 hours). A fentenyl patch has been released for the treatment of severe chronic pain. Fentanyl’s short duration of acti ...
... Fentanyl is a μ agonist with about 80 times the poyency of morphine. The advantages of fentanyl over morphine for anesthetic procedures are its short duration of action (1to 2 hours). A fentenyl patch has been released for the treatment of severe chronic pain. Fentanyl’s short duration of acti ...
the neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from
... ubiquitously throughout the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous systems in almost all vertebrate and invertebrate species. The nAChRs are pentameric receptor complexes that serve as ligand-gated ion channels (FIG. 1). So far, 12 different neuronal nAChR subunits have been identified: α2–α10 and β2– ...
... ubiquitously throughout the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous systems in almost all vertebrate and invertebrate species. The nAChRs are pentameric receptor complexes that serve as ligand-gated ion channels (FIG. 1). So far, 12 different neuronal nAChR subunits have been identified: α2–α10 and β2– ...
aspartate Antagonists on a Multiple Schedule of Ethanol and
... responding for saccharin deliveries. The sides from which ethanol and saccharin were available remained constant throughout the study. To balance the time periods of ethanol and saccharin access, the side that was active at the start of the session was alternated daily (i.e., left, right, left, righ ...
... responding for saccharin deliveries. The sides from which ethanol and saccharin were available remained constant throughout the study. To balance the time periods of ethanol and saccharin access, the side that was active at the start of the session was alternated daily (i.e., left, right, left, righ ...
Neurotoxicity and Mechanism of Toluene Abuse
... ABSTRACT Toluene is one of the most produced and widely used industrial solvents worldwide. It is a key ingredient in many products used by inhalant abusers. Toluene is responsible not only for instant inebriation but also for devastating neurotoxicity and death in the chronic abusers. Despite its p ...
... ABSTRACT Toluene is one of the most produced and widely used industrial solvents worldwide. It is a key ingredient in many products used by inhalant abusers. Toluene is responsible not only for instant inebriation but also for devastating neurotoxicity and death in the chronic abusers. Despite its p ...
Neurotransmitter signaling through heterotrimeric G
... 1.1. Neurotransmitters signal by gating ion channels and by activating G protein coupled receptors Neurotransmitters signal via two distinct classes of receptors, known within the neuroscience field as ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Ionotropic receptors are neurotransmitter-gated ion channe ...
... 1.1. Neurotransmitters signal by gating ion channels and by activating G protein coupled receptors Neurotransmitters signal via two distinct classes of receptors, known within the neuroscience field as ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Ionotropic receptors are neurotransmitter-gated ion channe ...
Contrasting Actions of Lanthanum on Different Recombinant
... Lanthanum is a trivalent cation and is the most electropositive element of the rare earth group. Its mechanisms of action at the cellular and molecular level have not been studied extensively until recently. Functional studies have indicated that lanthanum, unlike most divalent cations, increases GA ...
... Lanthanum is a trivalent cation and is the most electropositive element of the rare earth group. Its mechanisms of action at the cellular and molecular level have not been studied extensively until recently. Functional studies have indicated that lanthanum, unlike most divalent cations, increases GA ...
Module 10 - Neuronal Signalling
... ends of the neuron. Specific attention will be focused on the operation of neural circuits in regions such as the hippocampus, cortex, cerebellum and the respiratory centre in the brainstem. Neural circuits are established during development and remain relatively constant throughout adult life. The ...
... ends of the neuron. Specific attention will be focused on the operation of neural circuits in regions such as the hippocampus, cortex, cerebellum and the respiratory centre in the brainstem. Neural circuits are established during development and remain relatively constant throughout adult life. The ...
1337 Biochemical properties of plasminogen activator inhibitor
... Phylogenetically, PAI-1 (SERPINE1) is most closely related to protease nexin-1 (PN-1; SERPINE2) and myxoma virus SERP-1 (SERPIN SPI-1) (4). Several serpins, such as PAI-2 (SERPINB2; also known as the placental inhibitor), PAI-3 (SERPINA5; also known as activated protein C inhibitor), PN-1 and neuros ...
... Phylogenetically, PAI-1 (SERPINE1) is most closely related to protease nexin-1 (PN-1; SERPINE2) and myxoma virus SERP-1 (SERPIN SPI-1) (4). Several serpins, such as PAI-2 (SERPINB2; also known as the placental inhibitor), PAI-3 (SERPINA5; also known as activated protein C inhibitor), PN-1 and neuros ...
Ann N Y Acad Sci
... doses. The use of opioids to manage pain in patients with cancer is well accepted. The WHO step-wise algorithm for analgesic therapy based on pain severity reserves the use of opioid therapy for moderate and severe pain. The WHO algorithm has proven to be highly effective for the management of cance ...
... doses. The use of opioids to manage pain in patients with cancer is well accepted. The WHO step-wise algorithm for analgesic therapy based on pain severity reserves the use of opioid therapy for moderate and severe pain. The WHO algorithm has proven to be highly effective for the management of cance ...
Protracted Synaptogenesis after Activity
... strength of synaptic connections that occur with long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term memory is thought to involve additional plastic changes in the “hardwiring,” or the physical connectivity of neuronal circuits (Ramon y Cajal, 1894). Advances in time-lapse imaging techniques have enabled severa ...
... strength of synaptic connections that occur with long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term memory is thought to involve additional plastic changes in the “hardwiring,” or the physical connectivity of neuronal circuits (Ramon y Cajal, 1894). Advances in time-lapse imaging techniques have enabled severa ...
Document
... placing thirty million synapses in their proper three-dimensional position. In March 2008, Blue Brain project was progressing faster than expected: "Consciousness is just a massive amount of information being exchanged by trillions of brain cells." Some proponents of strong AI speculate that compute ...
... placing thirty million synapses in their proper three-dimensional position. In March 2008, Blue Brain project was progressing faster than expected: "Consciousness is just a massive amount of information being exchanged by trillions of brain cells." Some proponents of strong AI speculate that compute ...
NMDA receptor
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells. It is activated when glutamate and glycine (or D-serine) bind to it, and when activated it allows positively charged ions to flow through the cell membrane. The NMDA receptor is very important for controlling synaptic plasticity and memory function.The NMDAR is a specific type of ionotropic glutamate receptor. The NMDA receptor is named this because the agonist molecule N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) binds selectively to it, and not to other glutamate receptors. Activation of NMDA receptors results in the opening of an ion channel that is nonselective to cations with a reversal potential near 0 mV. A property of the NMDA receptor is its voltage-dependent activation, a result of ion channel block by extracellular Mg2+ & Zn2+ ions. This allows the flow of Na+ and small amounts of Ca2+ ions into the cell and K+ out of the cell to be voltage-dependent.Calcium flux through NMDARs is thought to be critical in synaptic plasticity, a cellular mechanism for learning and memory. The NMDA receptor is distinct in two ways: first, it is both ligand-gated and voltage-dependent; second, it requires co-activation by two ligands: glutamate and either D-serine or glycine.The activity of the NMDA receptor is affected by many psychoactive drugs such as phencyclidine (PCP), alcohol (ethanol) and dextromethorphan (DXM). The anaesthetic effects of the drugs ketamine and nitrous oxide are partially because of their effects on NMDA receptor activity.