concentration-dependent effects of neostigmine on the endplate
... direct effects on the ACh receptor channel complex. The concentration-dependent actions of neostigmine were studied on MEPCs and agonist-induced EPC fluctuations. The present results demonstrate that neostigmine has direct actions on the ACh receptor channel complex which are separate and distinct f ...
... direct effects on the ACh receptor channel complex. The concentration-dependent actions of neostigmine were studied on MEPCs and agonist-induced EPC fluctuations. The present results demonstrate that neostigmine has direct actions on the ACh receptor channel complex which are separate and distinct f ...
Presynaptic Inhibition by GABA Is Mediated via Two Distinct GABA
... acid (CACA) was much lesseffective than the Taurus isomer of crotonic acid (TACA) in activating the Cl conductance. Because TACA is consideredto be a GABA, agonist (Johnston et al., 1975) the GABA receptor coupled to Cl conductance in the synaptic terminal may bestbe regardedasa bicuculline-resistan ...
... acid (CACA) was much lesseffective than the Taurus isomer of crotonic acid (TACA) in activating the Cl conductance. Because TACA is consideredto be a GABA, agonist (Johnston et al., 1975) the GABA receptor coupled to Cl conductance in the synaptic terminal may bestbe regardedasa bicuculline-resistan ...
Ethanol Potentiation of Glycine-Induced Responses in Dissociated
... fetal alcohol syndrome/fetal alcohol effects are neurobehavioral disturbances, such as hyperactivity, learning disabilities, depression, and psychosis (Clarren and Smith, 1978). The mechanisms underlying EtOH effects on the developing human brain, however, are poorly understood. According to a very ...
... fetal alcohol syndrome/fetal alcohol effects are neurobehavioral disturbances, such as hyperactivity, learning disabilities, depression, and psychosis (Clarren and Smith, 1978). The mechanisms underlying EtOH effects on the developing human brain, however, are poorly understood. According to a very ...
Clarinet (CLA-‐1), a novel active zone protein required for synaptic
... C2 domains. Because these domains are shared by all isoforms, we consider this deletion a null and the ...
... C2 domains. Because these domains are shared by all isoforms, we consider this deletion a null and the ...
Clarinet (CLA-‐1), a novel active zone protein required for
... C2 domains. Because these domains are shared by all isoforms, we consider this deletion a null and the ...
... C2 domains. Because these domains are shared by all isoforms, we consider this deletion a null and the ...
the-serotonergic-hallucinogen-5-meo-dmt-disrupts
... release in PFC mainly via 5-HT1A-R. Moreover, 5-MeO-DMT reduced LFCO in S1, Au1 and V1 of WT mice and only in V1 of KO2A mice, suggesting the involvement of 5-HT1A-R activation in the 5-MeO-DMT-induced disruption of V1 activity. In addition, antipsychotic drugs reversed 5-MeO-DMT effects in WT mice. ...
... release in PFC mainly via 5-HT1A-R. Moreover, 5-MeO-DMT reduced LFCO in S1, Au1 and V1 of WT mice and only in V1 of KO2A mice, suggesting the involvement of 5-HT1A-R activation in the 5-MeO-DMT-induced disruption of V1 activity. In addition, antipsychotic drugs reversed 5-MeO-DMT effects in WT mice. ...
Multiple mechanisms involved in the large-spectrum
... Intracerebroventricular administration of CBD facilitates extinction in a contextual aversive conditioning model [15]. In this same paradigm, it can also impair reconsolidation, resulting in the attenuation of the aversive memory trace. In this study, the impairment of contextual fear memory did not ...
... Intracerebroventricular administration of CBD facilitates extinction in a contextual aversive conditioning model [15]. In this same paradigm, it can also impair reconsolidation, resulting in the attenuation of the aversive memory trace. In this study, the impairment of contextual fear memory did not ...
Corticotropin Releasing Factor-Induced CREB Activation in Striatal
... ylation (Figure 4A), although this concentration of KN-93 blocks depolarization-induced CREB phosphorylation [36]. MAPK signaling is another pathway that has been shown capable of CREB activation in a variety of neuronal preparations. In contrast to previous experiments, the MEK (MAPK kinase) inhibi ...
... ylation (Figure 4A), although this concentration of KN-93 blocks depolarization-induced CREB phosphorylation [36]. MAPK signaling is another pathway that has been shown capable of CREB activation in a variety of neuronal preparations. In contrast to previous experiments, the MEK (MAPK kinase) inhibi ...
Zebrafish Get Connected: Investigating Neurotransmission Targets
... proteins [47]. A full description of G-protein-coupled receptors is beyond the scope of this review, but the topic has been extensively reviewed previously [48,49] and is commonly found in textbooks. The functions, pharmacology, and mechanisms of the glutamate receptor types have been extensively re ...
... proteins [47]. A full description of G-protein-coupled receptors is beyond the scope of this review, but the topic has been extensively reviewed previously [48,49] and is commonly found in textbooks. The functions, pharmacology, and mechanisms of the glutamate receptor types have been extensively re ...
Xavier Nadal i Roura PARTICIPATION OF THE ENDOGENOUS OPIOID AND CANNABINOID SYSTEMS
... and abnormal stimulus-evoked pain responses, among other symptoms. It is a clinical pain manifestation that has shown to be poorly treated with the available pharmacological treatment. Even with the existence of many therapeutic approaches, there is not an adequate effective treatment for palliating ...
... and abnormal stimulus-evoked pain responses, among other symptoms. It is a clinical pain manifestation that has shown to be poorly treated with the available pharmacological treatment. Even with the existence of many therapeutic approaches, there is not an adequate effective treatment for palliating ...
Calcium Influx and Protein Phosphorylation Mediate the Metabolic
... Reiness and Weinberg, 198 1; Salpeter, 1987). The aim of the present study was to analyze the signaling mechanisms by which the motor nerve regulates metabolic stabilization of the synaptic AChRs in rat muscle. The nerve-induced metabolic stability of synaptic AChRs is a remarkably persistent phenom ...
... Reiness and Weinberg, 198 1; Salpeter, 1987). The aim of the present study was to analyze the signaling mechanisms by which the motor nerve regulates metabolic stabilization of the synaptic AChRs in rat muscle. The nerve-induced metabolic stability of synaptic AChRs is a remarkably persistent phenom ...
Selective and differential interactions of BNN27
... form of NGF derives from the proteolytic cleavage of its precursor protein, proNGF, and exerts its effects via a specific and of high affinity binding to the TrkA receptor (Kaplan and Miller, 2000). NGF also binds to and activates p75NTR, albeit with lower affinity compared to its precursor molecule, p ...
... form of NGF derives from the proteolytic cleavage of its precursor protein, proNGF, and exerts its effects via a specific and of high affinity binding to the TrkA receptor (Kaplan and Miller, 2000). NGF also binds to and activates p75NTR, albeit with lower affinity compared to its precursor molecule, p ...
Sleep duration varies as a function of glutamate and GABA in rat
... present experiments took advantage of capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF), which has the capacity to rapidly measure analytes from small sample volumes. With the use of in vivo microdialysis coupled on-line to CE-LIF, the present study measured concentrations ...
... present experiments took advantage of capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF), which has the capacity to rapidly measure analytes from small sample volumes. With the use of in vivo microdialysis coupled on-line to CE-LIF, the present study measured concentrations ...
Pharmacology of anabolic steroids
... conformational changes of the androgen receptor complex, which then affects subsequent interaction with various coregulators in different tissues (see the section ‘Androgen receptor expression and the importance of coregulators’). There is little data, as yet, to support such a hypothesis, but it is ...
... conformational changes of the androgen receptor complex, which then affects subsequent interaction with various coregulators in different tissues (see the section ‘Androgen receptor expression and the importance of coregulators’). There is little data, as yet, to support such a hypothesis, but it is ...
Opioid Receptors and Legal Highs - The Salvia divinorum Research
... substance abuse. However, the traditional methods of toxicologic monitoring may fail or lag in detection of substances of abuse that do not typically provoke calls to a poison control center or visits to the emergency department. The Internet has long been recognized as a source of drug information, ...
... substance abuse. However, the traditional methods of toxicologic monitoring may fail or lag in detection of substances of abuse that do not typically provoke calls to a poison control center or visits to the emergency department. The Internet has long been recognized as a source of drug information, ...
Regulation of ryanodine receptors from skeletal and cardiac muscle
... in the RyR protein are not yet known but it was clear at an early stage that these sites are located in very different parts of the RyR protein.44 Electron microscope image reconstruction shows RyRs to have a large cytoplasmic domain (the foot region) and a relatively small transmembrane region that ...
... in the RyR protein are not yet known but it was clear at an early stage that these sites are located in very different parts of the RyR protein.44 Electron microscope image reconstruction shows RyRs to have a large cytoplasmic domain (the foot region) and a relatively small transmembrane region that ...
Dendritic refinement of an identified neuron in the
... A pair of serotonergic neurons associated with the antennal lobes are labeled in the RN2flp, tub>CD2>Gal4, UASmCD8GFP strain (Roy et al., 2007) (see Fig. S1 in the supplementary material). FLP recombinase activity labeled either both or a single neuron in each animal. Analysis of preparations bearin ...
... A pair of serotonergic neurons associated with the antennal lobes are labeled in the RN2flp, tub>CD2>Gal4, UASmCD8GFP strain (Roy et al., 2007) (see Fig. S1 in the supplementary material). FLP recombinase activity labeled either both or a single neuron in each animal. Analysis of preparations bearin ...
Table of Contents
... into the cell, hyperpolarize the membrane and decrease the excitability of the cell. This type of inhibition is called hyperpolarizing inhibition. In some cells, internal chloride is at concentrations higher than the equilibrium potential. In these cases, opening chloride channels caused an efflux o ...
... into the cell, hyperpolarize the membrane and decrease the excitability of the cell. This type of inhibition is called hyperpolarizing inhibition. In some cells, internal chloride is at concentrations higher than the equilibrium potential. In these cases, opening chloride channels caused an efflux o ...
Effects of single prolonged stress and D
... addition to amygdaloid NMDA receptors, emerging evidence has recently indicated that hippocampal NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and subsequent signaling pathways are involved in the mechanism for extinction of contextual fear (Bevilaqua et al, 2005; Szapiro et al, 2003). For example, Szapiro and colleagues ...
... addition to amygdaloid NMDA receptors, emerging evidence has recently indicated that hippocampal NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and subsequent signaling pathways are involved in the mechanism for extinction of contextual fear (Bevilaqua et al, 2005; Szapiro et al, 2003). For example, Szapiro and colleagues ...
Title page: Lidocaine effects on acetylcholine-elicited currents from
... ion channels (LGICs) that mediate fast synaptic transmission in peripheral and central nervous system. An outstanding characteristic of nAChRs is their wide structural heterogeneity, based in both diverse subunit composition and stoichiometry, which associates to subtype-specific functional and phar ...
... ion channels (LGICs) that mediate fast synaptic transmission in peripheral and central nervous system. An outstanding characteristic of nAChRs is their wide structural heterogeneity, based in both diverse subunit composition and stoichiometry, which associates to subtype-specific functional and phar ...
Melatonin Receptors Trigger cAMP Production and Inhibit Chloride
... patients all over the world (Quigley and Broman, 2006). In most of the cases, the treatment of the reduction of the abnormally elevated IOP is by means of adrenergic compounds, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, prostaglandins, or parasympathomimetics (Webers et al., 2008; Lee and Goldberg, 2011; Carta ...
... patients all over the world (Quigley and Broman, 2006). In most of the cases, the treatment of the reduction of the abnormally elevated IOP is by means of adrenergic compounds, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, prostaglandins, or parasympathomimetics (Webers et al., 2008; Lee and Goldberg, 2011; Carta ...
PDF - Journal of Neuroscience
... Disease Research Program (Grant 10RT-0136 to J.B.), and University of California, Los Angeles Stein Oppenheimer Endowment Award (J.B.). We thank Tetyana Aleksenko for excellent technical support. *R. Salas and R. Sturm contributed equally to this work. Correspondence should be addressed to Mariella ...
... Disease Research Program (Grant 10RT-0136 to J.B.), and University of California, Los Angeles Stein Oppenheimer Endowment Award (J.B.). We thank Tetyana Aleksenko for excellent technical support. *R. Salas and R. Sturm contributed equally to this work. Correspondence should be addressed to Mariella ...
Serotonin Modulates Developmental Microglia
... Recent evidence indicates that brain resident macrophages, microglial cells, are essential for the proper wiring of neuronal networks at postnatal periods 1, 2. The critical process of developmental elimination of inappropriate synapses involves the phagocytic activity of microglia 3, 4, however, th ...
... Recent evidence indicates that brain resident macrophages, microglial cells, are essential for the proper wiring of neuronal networks at postnatal periods 1, 2. The critical process of developmental elimination of inappropriate synapses involves the phagocytic activity of microglia 3, 4, however, th ...
The subfornical organ: A central nervous system site for actions of
... energy stores and acute energy balance. Circulating leptin decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure through activation of receptors in hypothalamic and brain stem neurons (16) . The leptin receptor, encoded by the Ob-R gene, was isolated from choroid plexus by expression cloning and is ...
... energy stores and acute energy balance. Circulating leptin decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure through activation of receptors in hypothalamic and brain stem neurons (16) . The leptin receptor, encoded by the Ob-R gene, was isolated from choroid plexus by expression cloning and is ...
- Nottingham ePrints
... Understanding the modulation of contextual fear learning and memory by the neurotransmitter dopamine is important as it could lead to a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying anxiety disorders. The effect of D1 receptor antagonism during the contextual fear learning and memory stages was ...
... Understanding the modulation of contextual fear learning and memory by the neurotransmitter dopamine is important as it could lead to a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying anxiety disorders. The effect of D1 receptor antagonism during the contextual fear learning and memory stages was ...
NMDA receptor
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells. It is activated when glutamate and glycine (or D-serine) bind to it, and when activated it allows positively charged ions to flow through the cell membrane. The NMDA receptor is very important for controlling synaptic plasticity and memory function.The NMDAR is a specific type of ionotropic glutamate receptor. The NMDA receptor is named this because the agonist molecule N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) binds selectively to it, and not to other glutamate receptors. Activation of NMDA receptors results in the opening of an ion channel that is nonselective to cations with a reversal potential near 0 mV. A property of the NMDA receptor is its voltage-dependent activation, a result of ion channel block by extracellular Mg2+ & Zn2+ ions. This allows the flow of Na+ and small amounts of Ca2+ ions into the cell and K+ out of the cell to be voltage-dependent.Calcium flux through NMDARs is thought to be critical in synaptic plasticity, a cellular mechanism for learning and memory. The NMDA receptor is distinct in two ways: first, it is both ligand-gated and voltage-dependent; second, it requires co-activation by two ligands: glutamate and either D-serine or glycine.The activity of the NMDA receptor is affected by many psychoactive drugs such as phencyclidine (PCP), alcohol (ethanol) and dextromethorphan (DXM). The anaesthetic effects of the drugs ketamine and nitrous oxide are partially because of their effects on NMDA receptor activity.