NIH Public Access
... Isolated, respiring mitochondria accumulate Ca2+ when the concentration of the cation in their immediate environment rises above the ‘set-point’ at which the rates of uptake via the Ca2+ uniporter and efflux via the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger are in balance [1] (Fig. 1a). With isolated brain m ...
... Isolated, respiring mitochondria accumulate Ca2+ when the concentration of the cation in their immediate environment rises above the ‘set-point’ at which the rates of uptake via the Ca2+ uniporter and efflux via the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger are in balance [1] (Fig. 1a). With isolated brain m ...
Mechanisms of gustatory coding in Spodoptera littoralis
... receptor neurons are clearly chemotopic, comparatively little is known on how gustatory neurons project to the central nervous system and how signals are encoded and processed by central neurons. In different insect species, including Lepidoptera, responses of gustatory receptor neurons situated on ...
... receptor neurons are clearly chemotopic, comparatively little is known on how gustatory neurons project to the central nervous system and how signals are encoded and processed by central neurons. In different insect species, including Lepidoptera, responses of gustatory receptor neurons situated on ...
Calcium homeostasis in aging neurons
... receptors do not mediate rapid synaptic transmission, their contribution being primarily to the slow component of excitatory postsynaptic currents. At the resting plasma membrane potential they are powerfully inhibited by Mg2+ , whose block is reversed by plasma membrane depolarization (Nowak et al. ...
... receptors do not mediate rapid synaptic transmission, their contribution being primarily to the slow component of excitatory postsynaptic currents. At the resting plasma membrane potential they are powerfully inhibited by Mg2+ , whose block is reversed by plasma membrane depolarization (Nowak et al. ...
Involvement of Dopamine System in Regulation of Na ,K
... systems originate in ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra and project to the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) and dorsal striatum (caudate putamen), respectively. Dopamine regulates the two major striatal efferent neurons through differential dopamine receptors. It regulates the striatoni ...
... systems originate in ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra and project to the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) and dorsal striatum (caudate putamen), respectively. Dopamine regulates the two major striatal efferent neurons through differential dopamine receptors. It regulates the striatoni ...
Fein A (2012) Nociceptors and the Perception of Pain.
... following application of the voltage pulse, the conduction velocity can easily be calculated. Many of the afferent (sensory) neurons isolated in this way respond to lowintensity mechanical or thermal stimulation, that is, stimuli that in individuals evoke an innocuous or non-painful sensation. In ad ...
... following application of the voltage pulse, the conduction velocity can easily be calculated. Many of the afferent (sensory) neurons isolated in this way respond to lowintensity mechanical or thermal stimulation, that is, stimuli that in individuals evoke an innocuous or non-painful sensation. In ad ...
Regulation of axon growth by the JIP1–AKT axis
... extend a number of neurites (stages 1 and 2) prior to polarisation, at which point one of the neurites forms an axon and the others develop into dendrites (stage 3) (Dotti et al., 1988). At stage 2, AKT is reported to be present at the tips of all the neurites (Yan et al., 2006) whereas JIP1 has alr ...
... extend a number of neurites (stages 1 and 2) prior to polarisation, at which point one of the neurites forms an axon and the others develop into dendrites (stage 3) (Dotti et al., 1988). At stage 2, AKT is reported to be present at the tips of all the neurites (Yan et al., 2006) whereas JIP1 has alr ...
The COOH-terminal domain of agrin signals via a synaptic receptor
... identify neurons and glial cells, respectively. Consistent with our previous results, treatment with either C-Ag95 z0 or C-Ag95z8 caused a marked increase in Fos expression in neurons, but not nonneuronal cells (Fig. 2). Although differences in the level of Fos expression between neurons were appare ...
... identify neurons and glial cells, respectively. Consistent with our previous results, treatment with either C-Ag95 z0 or C-Ag95z8 caused a marked increase in Fos expression in neurons, but not nonneuronal cells (Fig. 2). Although differences in the level of Fos expression between neurons were appare ...
The Role of the Terminal Nerve and GnRH in Olfactory System
... the major source of GnRH to these areas (Yamamoto et al., 1995; Amano et al., 2002); Fig. 1 illustrates the innervation of olfactory areas by GnRH-immunoreactive fibers in a goldfish (Carassius auratus). The TN is likely also main source of the GnRH-immunoreactive fibers distributed throughout the o ...
... the major source of GnRH to these areas (Yamamoto et al., 1995; Amano et al., 2002); Fig. 1 illustrates the innervation of olfactory areas by GnRH-immunoreactive fibers in a goldfish (Carassius auratus). The TN is likely also main source of the GnRH-immunoreactive fibers distributed throughout the o ...
Differential Excitability Modulation of Striatal Medium Neuron
... The loss of striatal dopamine (DA) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) models triggers a cell-type-specific reduction in the density of dendritic spines in D2 receptor-expressing striatopallidal medium spiny neurons (D2 MSNs). How the intrinsic properties of MSN dendrites, where the vast majority of DA rece ...
... The loss of striatal dopamine (DA) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) models triggers a cell-type-specific reduction in the density of dendritic spines in D2 receptor-expressing striatopallidal medium spiny neurons (D2 MSNs). How the intrinsic properties of MSN dendrites, where the vast majority of DA rece ...
lec8.Treatment of Cough
... ) مهمهconduction from these receptors is via fibers in the vagus nerve; central components of the reflex probably involve several mechanisms or centres that are distinct تختلف عنfrom the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration. ...
... ) مهمهconduction from these receptors is via fibers in the vagus nerve; central components of the reflex probably involve several mechanisms or centres that are distinct تختلف عنfrom the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration. ...
Liver X Receptor Agonists as Potential Therapeutic Agents for
... and humans (see discussion below). Nevertheless, taken together, these results suggest that LXR agonists may be effective in the treatment of human disease. The observation that upregulation of ABCA1 expression by synthetic LXR agonists is more effective than cholesterol loading is consistent with o ...
... and humans (see discussion below). Nevertheless, taken together, these results suggest that LXR agonists may be effective in the treatment of human disease. The observation that upregulation of ABCA1 expression by synthetic LXR agonists is more effective than cholesterol loading is consistent with o ...
Brain glycine receptors as a common target for alcohol and
... the mechanisms of action underlying development of alcohol dependence? For years scientists have been trying to resolve this issue in an attempt to find a treatment. But the road to a disclosure has been obstructed by the multiple mechanisms of the small alcohol molecule in the human body and brain, ...
... the mechanisms of action underlying development of alcohol dependence? For years scientists have been trying to resolve this issue in an attempt to find a treatment. But the road to a disclosure has been obstructed by the multiple mechanisms of the small alcohol molecule in the human body and brain, ...
kopia+_Eli_PR5`2006.vp:CorelVentura 7.0
... and, to a certain extent, glucose metabolism in the so-called peri-stroke region as well as in the relatively intact brain tissue [40]. Vinpocetine has been found to interfere with various stages of the ischemic cascade: adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, activation of voltage-sensitive Na+- an ...
... and, to a certain extent, glucose metabolism in the so-called peri-stroke region as well as in the relatively intact brain tissue [40]. Vinpocetine has been found to interfere with various stages of the ischemic cascade: adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, activation of voltage-sensitive Na+- an ...
Nicotine sensitization and the effects of extended withdrawal
... The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden ...
... The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden ...
Reviews Essential Tremor - Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic
... Drugs that increase GABA availability (tiagabine, vigabatrin, valproate) have not been associated with tremor improvement, and may even exacerbate tremor in some cases.41,42 Tiagabine, which increases GABA levels by blocking the synaptic GABA transporter (GAT-1), has been reported to worsen tremor. ...
... Drugs that increase GABA availability (tiagabine, vigabatrin, valproate) have not been associated with tremor improvement, and may even exacerbate tremor in some cases.41,42 Tiagabine, which increases GABA levels by blocking the synaptic GABA transporter (GAT-1), has been reported to worsen tremor. ...
Ultra-Low Dose Antagonist Effects on Cannabinoids and Opioids in Models... Is Less More? By
... An ultra-low dose of a drug is approximately 1000-fold lower than the dose range traditionally used to induce a therapeutic effect. The purpose of the present thesis was to broaden the knowledge of the ultra-low dose effect, that was previously identified in the opioid receptor system, by looking at ...
... An ultra-low dose of a drug is approximately 1000-fold lower than the dose range traditionally used to induce a therapeutic effect. The purpose of the present thesis was to broaden the knowledge of the ultra-low dose effect, that was previously identified in the opioid receptor system, by looking at ...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the development of epilepsy
... Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases, but our understanding of the detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying it remains incomplete. Several pathological changes typically occur in the epileptic brain, including neuronal loss, neurogenesis, neurite growth, and reorgani ...
... Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases, but our understanding of the detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying it remains incomplete. Several pathological changes typically occur in the epileptic brain, including neuronal loss, neurogenesis, neurite growth, and reorgani ...
Butorphanol-Mediated Antinociception in Mice: Partial Agonist
... the dose-effect curves was used to estimate the ED50 value, or the dose that would be expected to result in 50%MPE. The slopes of the dose-effect curves for the agonists in combination with antagonists were compared with those of the agonists alone using a parallel line assay (Tallarida and Murray, ...
... the dose-effect curves was used to estimate the ED50 value, or the dose that would be expected to result in 50%MPE. The slopes of the dose-effect curves for the agonists in combination with antagonists were compared with those of the agonists alone using a parallel line assay (Tallarida and Murray, ...
JAMA SIDS
... Context The serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) neurons in the medulla oblongata project extensively to autonomic and respiratory nuclei in the brainstem and spinal cord and help regulate homeostatic function. Previously, abnormalities in 5-HT receptor binding in the medullae of infants dying ...
... Context The serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) neurons in the medulla oblongata project extensively to autonomic and respiratory nuclei in the brainstem and spinal cord and help regulate homeostatic function. Previously, abnormalities in 5-HT receptor binding in the medullae of infants dying ...
A tale of two stories: astrocyte regulation of
... synaptic information transfer with important implications for computation performed by neuronal circuitry [1-4]. Multiple mechanisms could coexist in the same synapse, regulating the strength or the efficacy of synaptic transmission therein in a way that depends on the timing and frequency of prior ...
... synaptic information transfer with important implications for computation performed by neuronal circuitry [1-4]. Multiple mechanisms could coexist in the same synapse, regulating the strength or the efficacy of synaptic transmission therein in a way that depends on the timing and frequency of prior ...
Psychopharmacology of conditioned reward
... stimuli and reward processes interact in a highly specific manner; analyses of this phenomenon may provide valuable insight into the processes that underlie reward-related learning. The effects of dopaminergic agents with different mechanisms of action in this paradigm have revealed several interest ...
... stimuli and reward processes interact in a highly specific manner; analyses of this phenomenon may provide valuable insight into the processes that underlie reward-related learning. The effects of dopaminergic agents with different mechanisms of action in this paradigm have revealed several interest ...
Distribution of Muscarinic Acetylcholine
... The distribution of varicosities can be studied more easily in preparations that have been fixed and stained with ZIO (Figs . I c and 2) . Fig. 1 c shows the same field seen in Fig. l b after staining with ZIO. In this particular field, almost all of the ZIO-stained varicosities can also be seen in ...
... The distribution of varicosities can be studied more easily in preparations that have been fixed and stained with ZIO (Figs . I c and 2) . Fig. 1 c shows the same field seen in Fig. l b after staining with ZIO. In this particular field, almost all of the ZIO-stained varicosities can also be seen in ...
Molecules and circuits involved in nicotine addiction: The many
... products, however, these positive effects are only observed after abstinence, when withdrawal-induced depression symptoms are high (Perkins et al., 2010). Thus, smokers may perceive a positive effect of smoking on mood because nicotine delivery counteracts the negative effects of withdrawal, but ove ...
... products, however, these positive effects are only observed after abstinence, when withdrawal-induced depression symptoms are high (Perkins et al., 2010). Thus, smokers may perceive a positive effect of smoking on mood because nicotine delivery counteracts the negative effects of withdrawal, but ove ...
Rapid Translocation of Zn 2+ from Nerve Terminals
... presynaptic terminals into postsynaptic hippocampal neurons after physiological stimulation. J Neurophysiol 86: 2597–2604, 2001. Zn2⫹ is found in glutamatergic nerve terminals throughout the mammalian forebrain and has diverse extracellular and intracellular actions. The anatomical location and poss ...
... presynaptic terminals into postsynaptic hippocampal neurons after physiological stimulation. J Neurophysiol 86: 2597–2604, 2001. Zn2⫹ is found in glutamatergic nerve terminals throughout the mammalian forebrain and has diverse extracellular and intracellular actions. The anatomical location and poss ...
Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signalling by
... trans autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues located in the receptor C-terminal tail (red circles) generates docking sites for the phosphorylated-tyrosine-binding modules (not shown here) found on various signalling proteins, thereby igniting downstream signalling (Lemmon and Schlessinger, 2010). ...
... trans autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues located in the receptor C-terminal tail (red circles) generates docking sites for the phosphorylated-tyrosine-binding modules (not shown here) found on various signalling proteins, thereby igniting downstream signalling (Lemmon and Schlessinger, 2010). ...
NMDA receptor
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells. It is activated when glutamate and glycine (or D-serine) bind to it, and when activated it allows positively charged ions to flow through the cell membrane. The NMDA receptor is very important for controlling synaptic plasticity and memory function.The NMDAR is a specific type of ionotropic glutamate receptor. The NMDA receptor is named this because the agonist molecule N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) binds selectively to it, and not to other glutamate receptors. Activation of NMDA receptors results in the opening of an ion channel that is nonselective to cations with a reversal potential near 0 mV. A property of the NMDA receptor is its voltage-dependent activation, a result of ion channel block by extracellular Mg2+ & Zn2+ ions. This allows the flow of Na+ and small amounts of Ca2+ ions into the cell and K+ out of the cell to be voltage-dependent.Calcium flux through NMDARs is thought to be critical in synaptic plasticity, a cellular mechanism for learning and memory. The NMDA receptor is distinct in two ways: first, it is both ligand-gated and voltage-dependent; second, it requires co-activation by two ligands: glutamate and either D-serine or glycine.The activity of the NMDA receptor is affected by many psychoactive drugs such as phencyclidine (PCP), alcohol (ethanol) and dextromethorphan (DXM). The anaesthetic effects of the drugs ketamine and nitrous oxide are partially because of their effects on NMDA receptor activity.