Download 9 Chapter Nervous System Notes (p

Neurology: Chapters 10, 11 and 12 (p. 355-486)
OBJECTIVES:
 Explain the general functions of the nervous system (p. 356-361)
 Describe the two major parts of the peripheral nervous system (p. 358)
 Describe general structure of a neuron (p. 359)
 Explain how an injured axon may regenerate (366-367)
 Explain how a membrane becomes polarized (p. 368-371)
 Describe the events that lead to the conduction of a nerve impulse
 Explain how a nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another (p.
371-374)
 Describe the coverings of the brain and spinal cord (p. 386-387)
 Describe the structure of the spinal cord and its major functions (p. 391398)
 Nerve impulse conduction
 Describe reflex arcs and reflex behavior
 Describe general characteristics of the autonomic nervous system
 Sympathetic nervous system
 Parasympathetic nervous system
INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPHS (p. 356)
Read the upper 2/3rds of p. 356 and then answer the following questions:
1. Do neurons (nerve cells) in the brain divide to form new brain neurons?
2. What takes-up (absorbs or incorporates) BrdU?
3. What exactly had divided in the brains of the dead cancer patients?
4. What are two of the many disorders that can be possibly be treated with
this new knowledge?
GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM (p. 356-361)
5. Neural tissue is made-up of what two kind of cells?
1
234833559
revised: 1/2011
6. What do neurons do?
7. What do neuroglial cells do?
8. What do dendrites look like and what do they do?
9. What do axons look like and what do they do?
10. What is a nerve?
11. What is a synapse?
12. What are neurotransmitters?
13. What are the two divisions of the nervous system?
14. What comprises (makes-up) each of the two divisions?
15. What are three functions of the CNS and PNS?
a.
b.
c.
16. What do sensory receptors do?
17. Give four examples of monitored functions:
2
234833559
revised: 1/2011
18. What does it mean when we say that nerve impulses are integrated?
19. What are motor functions?
20. What are effectors?
21. The peripheral nervous system is subdivided into two distinct systems.
What are they called and what are examples of what they control?
22. Sketch-out and label figure 10.3 (a common neuron) on p. 359:
3
234833559
revised: 1/2011
23. On page 361, explain the following neuronal terms:
a. Myelin sheath
b. Nodes of Ranvier
c. Myelinated axons
d. Unmyelinated axons
24. Sketch figure 10.7 (CNS and PNS) on p. 362
4
234833559
revised: 1/2011
25. Give a brief synopsis (summary) of the three functional types of neurons
on p. 363:
a. Sensory neurons
b. Interneurons
c. Motor neurons
26. Explain how damaged neurons can possibly regenerate (re-grow). Use p.
366-367 and figure 10.10 on p. 367
THE SYNAPSE (p. 367 – 368)
27. Explain the following terms:
a. Presynaptic neuron
b. Postsynaptic neuron
c. Synaptic transmission
5
234833559
revised: 1/2011
CELL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL (p. 368)
28. What is polarization and what causes it?
DISTRIBUTION OF IONS (p.368-369)
29. What role do pumps and channels play in ion distribution?
RESTING POTENTIAL (p. 369)
30. To which ion is the cell membrane more permeable, sodium or
potassium?
31. In what direction does K+ diffuse?
32. What is the net result of ion pumping and diffusion?
33. What is the term used to describe the difference in charges between two
regions?
LOCAL POTENTIAL CHANGES (p. 370)
34. What do we mean by saying that neurons are excitable?
35. Explain the term “depolarized”.
36. Explain the term “graded”.
37. What happens once threshold is achieved?
6
234833559
revised: 1/2011
ACTION POTENTIAL (p. 371-373)
38. Sketch-out Figures 10.6 (including 3 graphs on right)
39. Sketch-out figure 10.17 (oscilloscope)
7
234833559
revised: 1/2011
40. Sketch-out Figure 10.18
41. Write-out Table 10.3 (p. 373)
8
234833559
revised: 1/2011
42. Explain salutatory conduction.
43. How do the nodes of Ranvier affect the speed of impulse transmission?
44. Sketch-out Figure 10.19
MENINGES (p. 386)
45. What is the meninges?
46. What is the dura mater?
47. What is the epidural space?
48. What is the arachnoid mater?
49. What is the subarachnoid space?
50. What is the pia mater?
51. What is CSF and where is it located?
9
234833559
revised: 1/2011
REFLEX ARCS ( p. 392-395)
52. What is a reflex arc?
53. Explain the knee jerk reflex.
54. Sketch Figure 11.8, knee jerk reflex (p. 394)
55. Explain the withdrawal reflex.
56. Sketch Figure 11.9, withdrawal reflex (p. 394)
10
234833559
revised: 1/2011