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AP Biology Study Guide Chapter 28: The Nervous System Opening Essay 1. Explain how spinal cords may be injured and the current medical approaches to repairing the damage. Nervous System Structure and Function 2. Describe the structural and functional subdivisions of the nervous system. Describe the three parts of a reflex, distinguishing the three types of neurons involved in the reaction. 3. Describe the structures and functions of neurons and myelin sheaths. Nerve Signals and Their Transmission 4. Define a resting potential and explain how it is created. 5. Explain how an action potential is produced and the resting membrane potential restored. 6. Explain (a) how an action potential propagates itself along a neuron, (b) why action potentials move in only one direction, and (c) how action potentials relay different intensities of information. 7. Compare the structures, functions, and locations of electrical and chemical synapses. 8. Compare excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Explain how the number and location of bound neurotransmitters influence a receiving cell. 9. Describe the types and functions of neurotransmitters known in humans. 10. Explain how drugs can alter chemical synapses. An Overview of Animal Nervous Systems 11. Describe the diversity of animal nervous systems and provide examples. Explain how the structure of the nervous system relates to the ways animals interact with their environment. 12. Describe the general structure of the brain, spinal cord, and associated nerves of vertebrates. Describe the formation, location, and functions of cerebrospinal fluid. 13. Compare the functions of the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system. 14. Compare the structures, functions, and interrelationships of the parasympathetic, sympathetic, and enteric divisions of the peripheral nervous system. 15. Explain how the vertebrate brain develops from an embryonic tube. The Human Brain 16. Describe the parts and functions of the human brain. Detail the structures and functions of the cerebral cortex. 17. Explain how injuries, illness, and surgery provide insight into the functions of the brain. 18. Explain how fMRI scans help us understand brain functions. 19. Explain how the brain regulates sleep and arousal. 20. Describe the structure and functions of the limbic system. Describe the properties of short-term, long-term, and skill memories. 21. Describe the causes, symptoms, and treatments of schizophrenia, depression, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. C. Gay 2/4/09 Steamboat Springs High School AP Biology Key Terms acetylcholine action potential Alzheimer’s disease (AD) amygdale autonomic nervous system axon basal nuclei biogenic amine biological clock bipolar disorder blood-brain barrier brain brainstem cell body cephalization central canal central nervous system (CNS) centralization cerebellum cerebral cortex cerebral hemisphere cerebrospinal fluid cerebrum circadian rhythm corpus callosum cranial nerve dendrite effector cell enteric division forebrain ganglion (plural, ganglia) glia gray matter hindbrain hippocampus integration interneuron lateralization limbic system long-term memory major depression C. Gay 2/4/09 medulla oblongata membrane potential memory meninges midbrain motor neuron motor output myelin sheath nerve nerve cord nerve net nervous system neuron neurotransmitter node of Ranvier parasympathetic division Parkinson’s disease peripheral nervous system (PNS) pons reflex resting potential schizophrenia sensory input sensory neuron short-term memory sodium-potassium (Na-K) pump somatic nervous system spinal cord spinal nerve stimulus (plural, stimuli) sympathetic division synapse synaptic cleft synaptic terminal synaptic vesicle thalamus threshold ventricle white matter Steamboat Springs High School AP Biology