Download Hippocampus+and+Neurons+Final+Draft

By: Garrett Carpenter
Neurons Introduction
•Neurons are defined as brain cells
that manifest all properties of the
mind.
•Neurons send and receive
information.
•Neurons come in different shapes
and sizes.
•The study of neurons can be
classified as ne plus ultra or the
quantum mechanics of biology.
•Neurons conduct distinct
signals such as electro-chemical
pulses.
•These are known as action
potentials or “spikes.”
•Neurons are like the core components of
the nervous system which is the brain,
spinal cord, and the peripheral Ganglia.
•A ganglion is a biological mass of tissue
and is usually a mass of nerve cell bodies.
•There are a number of specialized types
of neurons. One example is sensory
neurons, which respond to touch, sound,
and light and numerous other stimuli
affecting cells of the sensory organs that
then send signals to the spinal cord and
brain.
• Motor neurons receive
signals from the brain and
spinal cord, and in turn,
cause muscle contractions
and affect glands.
•
Interneuron's connect
neurons to other neurons
within the same region of
the brain or spinal cord.
•Well, in anatomy,
ganglions are biological
tissue masses, usually a
mass of nerve cell bodies.
•Also, cells found in
ganglions are called
ganglion cells.

The basal ganglia are a
group of nuclei in the
brains of vertebrates,
situated at the base of
the forebrain that are
connected with the
cerebral cortex,
thalamus and other
areas.

The basal ganglia are
associated with a variety
of functions, including
motor control and
learning. Experimental
studies show that the
basal ganglia exert an
inhibitory influence on a
number of motor
systems, and that a
release of this inhibition
permits a motor system
to become active.

In some dinosaurs,
ganglions on the pelvis
got so big in relativity
to their brain that it
was sometimes called
the second brain.
•
The word hippocampus
comes from the Greek
word “hippo”, meaning
horse.
•
Campus, the other Greek
word, means “sea
monster”.
•
The hippocampus plays
an important role in
long-term memory and
spatial navigation.
•Closely related to the cerebral
cortex.
•A paired structure with the
two equal sides on both the left
and right sides of the brain.
•Located inside the medial
temporal lobe beneath the
cortical surface.
•It’s curved shape
reminded early anatomists
of the horns of a ram or a
seahorse.
•The name was given to
this part of the brain by a
sixteenth century
anatomists Julius Caesar
Aranzi .
•
When you have
Alzheimer's disease, your
hippocampus is one of
the first components of
the brain affected.
•
Memory loss and
disorientation are among
the first symptoms.
• It’s also responsible for
emotion and learning.


In rodents, the hippocampus has been
studied extensively as part of the brain
system responsible for spatial memory
and navigation. Many neurons in the rat
and mouse hippocampus respond as
place cells: that is, they fire bursts of
action potentials when the animal passes
through a specific part of its environment.
Hippocampal place cells interact
extensively with head direction cells,
whose activity acts as an inertial
compass, and with grid cells in the
neighboring entorhinal cortex.

In the nervous
system, a synapse is
a structure that
permits a neuron to
pass an electrical
charge or chemical
signal to another
cell.

Essential to
neuronal function:
neurons are
specialized cells
which pass signals
to individual target
cells, and synapses
are the means by
which they do so.


The word synapse
comes from synaptein.
Sir Charles Scott
Sherrington and
colleagues created the
word from the Greek
“Syn” meaning
together, and “Haptein”
meaning to clasp.


A neurologist is a physician
who specializes in neurology
(noo-rol-uh-jee) , and is
trained to investigate, or
diagnose and treat
neurological disorders.
Pediatric neurologists treat
neurological disease in
children.
Estimated pay: $178,000/year
with the higher end of the
range shooting up to
$345,000/year.
Did you know, the two cerebral hemispheres account
for 85% of the brains weight. The billions of neurons
in the two hemispheres are connected by thick bundles
of nerve fibers.

The Hippocampus and Neurons are parts of the brain that
fascinate me. This is an amazing organ in which electricity
(synapses) coupled with this organ’s ability to control every
function in the human body make this organ a never-ending
source of research. I narrowed this project to the
hippocampus and neurons. There were so many interesting
things that I learned about while doing this project. For
example the hippocampus is the site where long-term
memories are located. Neurons are the electrical signals,
which carry out movements in the body. Finally, the
hippocampus is closely associated with the cerebral cortex. I
hope to one day go to medical school and become a
neurosurgeon. I feel that this project has given me an
advanced look at what I hope will be a rewarding career
path.
http://gcarp1217akasnickers.glogster.com/glog-9117/






http://www.nutramed.com/brain/neurons.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus
http://www.psycheducation.org/emotion/hippoca
mpus.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron
http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/Publications/
Unraveling/Part1/inside.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglion
?