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The Brain and our Nervous System CHAPTER 4 Objectives Gain a general understanding of the nervous system Gain knowledge of the structure and function of the neuron Navigate your way around the major brain areas and understand their function Nervous System Hierarchy Central nervous system Brain ~2% of body weight, uses ~20% of resources Composed of bunches of neurons, which form nerves Spinal cord Complex tangle of nerves that stretch from brain to tailbone Collects & transmits info between brain and peripheral nervous system Also initiates reflexes: automatic responses to an event Peripheral Nervous System PNS links the CNS to the organs, muscles, and glands of the body PNS has two parts Somatic (SNS): nerves controlling voluntary muscle movements Autonomic (ANS): controls glands, organs, blood vessels ANS has two parts Sympathetic: arouses body to prepare for action (fight or flight) Parasympathetic: slows down body to reserve energy Sympathetic and Parasympathetic The Neuron All brain activity originates with the neuron The messengers of the brain-world Three types These cells receive signals from neurons or sense organs, process the signals, and send them to other neurons, muscles, or organs Sensory: respond to sensory organ input Motor: send signals to muscles to control movement Interneurons: the go-between of sensory and motor neurons We have about 100 billion neurons Most, but not all, can be re-grown (severe spinal cord injury vs. cutting your finger) The Neuron The Neuron: Structure Cell body: houses nucleus Cell Membrane: skin of the cell Axon: cable extending from the cell body Impulse from cell body travels along axon to its end, where terminal buttons release neurotransmitters (chemical messengers), received by other neurons Axon is covered by myelin sheath, which is composed of a fatty substance that helps impulses travel the length of the axon Dendrite Branches extending from cell membrane that receive neurotransmitters from other neurons The Dendrite Increases receptive surface of the neuron Contacts occur along surface of dendrite The Axon Axon hillock Myelin sheath Nodes of Ranvier The points just between the myelin sheaths The Synapse At the end of the Axon Releases neurotransmitters through the vesicles to the receptors on the dendrite of the other axon The Neuron in Action When a neuron receives impulses from other neurons, the cell membrane allows open exchange of positively and negatively charged ions Action potential (change in electrical charge) runs down axon to terminal buttons This all starts with the axon hillock – the gatekeeper of the neuron Terminal buttons release neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft to the dendrite of the receiving neuron The Neuron in action Several Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine (Ach) Dopamine (DA) Reduce sensitivity to pain; linked with pleasure (opiate-like) Serotonin Voluntary movement, attention, and learning; high levels are associated w/ schizophrenia Endorphin Slows down the body, memory, and attention (involved in Alzheimer’s disease) Arousal, sleep; Prozac increases levels of serotonin Norepinephrine Helps control alertness and arousal; low levels can depress mood Brain Dominance Questionnaire Take a plain sheet of paper and number it 1 to 15. For each question you will choose a, b, or c. Brain Dominance Questionnaire 1) I prefer to learn A. B. C. Details and specific facts From a general overview of things, and by looking at the whole picture Both ways about equally Brain Dominance Questionnaire 2) I prefer the jobs A. B. C. Which consist of one task at a time, and I can complete it before beginning the next one. In which I work on many things at once. I like both kinds of jobs equally. 3) I prefer to solve problems with A. B. C. Logic My “gut feelings” Both logic and “gut feelings” Brain Dominance Questionnaire 4) Planned so that I know exactly what to do B. Open with opportunities to change as I go along C. Both planned and open to change 5) I like to learn a movement in sports or a dance step better by A. Hearing a verbal explanation and repeating the action or step mentally B. Watching and then trying to do it again C. Watching and then imitating and talking about it. A. I like my work to be Brain Dominance Questionnaire 6) I remember faces easily A. B. C. No Yes Sometimes 7) If I have to decide if an issue is right or correct A. B. C. I decide on the basis of information I instinctively feel it is right or correct I tend to use a combination of both Brain Dominance Questionnaire 8) I prefer Multiple-choice tests B. Essay tests C. I like both kinds of tests equally 9) If I had to assemble a bicycle, I would most likely A. Lay out all of the parts, count them, gather the necessary tools, and follow directions. B. Glance at the diagram and begin with whatever tools were there, sensing how the parts fit. C. Recall past experiences in similar situations. A. Brain Dominance Questionnaire 10) At school, I preferred A. B. C. Algebra Geometry I had no real preference for one over the other 11) It is more exciting to A. B. C. Improve something Invent something Both are exciting to me Brain Dominance Questionnaire 12) I generally A. Use time to organize work and personal activities. B. Have difficulty in pacing personal activities in time limits. C. Am able to pace personal activities to time limits with ease. 13) Daydreaming is A. A waste of time. B. A usable tool for planning my future. C. Amusing and relaxing. Brain Dominance Questionnaire 14) I can tell fairly accurately how much time has passed without looking at a clock A. B. C. Yes No Sometimes 15) When reading or studying, I A. B. C. Prefer total quiet Prefer music Listen to background music only when reading for enjoyment, not while studying. Scoring Instructions Calculate the number of your “A” and “B” answers. Do not consider your “C” answers. Put a (-) minus sign in front of your “A” score and a (+) plus sign in front of your “B” score. Do the algebraic sum off your “A” and “B” scores. Scores -15 to -13 -12 to -9 -8 to -5 -4 to -1 0 +1 to +4 +5 to +8 +9 to +12 +13 to +15 Left brain dominant (Very Strong) Left brain dominant Moderate preference for the left Slight Preference for the left Whole brain dominance Slight preference for the right Moderate preference for the right Right brain dominant Right brain dominant (Very Strong) The Brain (Day 2) Three main parts Brain Stem Limbic System Cerebral Cortex Areas of the Brain Brain Stem Region of the brain where the spinal cord enters the skull and swells Medulla Regulates heart-rate, breathing, blood pressure, and motor movements Cerebellum Controls skilled motor movements Brain Stem Pons Reticular formation Connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum Sleep (Moruzzi & Magoun, 1961) Attention Thalamus Relay center Filters & organizes information from senses Limbic System Hypothalamus Feeding Reproductive behavior Temperature (Barbour, 1912) Hippocampus Memory H.M. Amygdala Feeding Memory Emotion Cerebral Cortex Two halves, four lobes Frontal lobe Motor cortex Parietal lobe Sensory cortex Temporal lobe Prosopagnosia Unilateral neglect Auditory areas Occipital lobe Visual areas Two Cerebral Hemispheres Contralateral arrangement Corpus callosum Thick band of nerve fibers connecting the hemispheres It’s how the 2 hemispheres communicate Right-brained vs. left-brained? OR Left & Right Functions