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Transcript
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Learning Outcomes • C11 – analyse the transmission of nerve impulses – Describe the structure of a neuron – Identify the function of dendrite, axon, cell body, axoplasm, axomembrane – Differentiate between sensory, motor and interneurons • Consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves throughout the body Central Nervous System • CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System • PNS consists of nerves throughout the body • Carries messages to and from the CNS Neurons • Neurons are nerve cells • Neurons have 3 main parts • Cell body contains the nucleus and organelles • Axon transmits an impulse away from the cell body to the next cell • Dendrite receives an impulse and transmits it to the cell body • Axoplasm refers to the cytoplasm within the axon • Axomembrane refers to the plasma membrane of the axon • Long axons are covered in a myelin sheath • Nodes of Ranvier are intermittent gaps in the sheath • Schwann cells wrapped around the axon contain myelin (a specialized phospholipid) in their plasma membranes Types of Neurons • Sensory neurons carry impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS • Have long dendrites • Motor neurons carry impulses from the CNS to an effector (muscle or gland) • Have long axons • Interneurons connect other neurons to the CNS Fig. 17.2 Transmission of Nerve Impulses • Nerve impulses travel along neurons by means of electrochemical changes in the neuron membranes • The space between neurons is called the synapse • Neurotransmitters carry impulses across the synapse
