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Introduction Complexities occurring even with simplest function ◦ Example synapse Structure of the neuron Neuron- individual cells in our nervous system that receive, integrate and transmit information. Components of a neuron: ◦ A.) cell body (soma)- contains nucleus and chemical machinery ◦ B.) Dendrites – Part of neurons that receive information “Branches” Components of neuron (continued) ◦ C.) Axon- Long thin fiber that transmits signals from cell body to other neurons. ◦ D.) Myelin Sheath- Insulating material that coats an axon. Speeds up transmission Problems if it degrades Easier way of thinking about axon and myelin sheath ◦ E.) Terminal Buttons- Axon ends with a cluster of these small knobs secreting chemicals known as neurotransmitters. ◦ F.) Synapse – A “Gap” or junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another. Summary of neural communication: ◦ Dendrites cell body axon (coated with myelin sheath) terminal buttons synapse at other dendrites(where signal jumps gap) ◦ Process repeats itself Neural Impulse- Signal sent through neuron Neuron at rest: ◦ Slightly negative charge ◦ Contains ions flowing back and forth Charge is referred to as Resting Potentialcharge when a neuron is not activated When neuron is activated, channels open allowing in positive ions (+) ◦ Charge now becomes positive Called Action Potential- Brief shift in neuron charge that travels along axon. Channel closes briefly after firing: ◦ Absolute Refractory Period- Minimum length of time after action potential during which another action potential can’t begin Neurons either fire or do not (action potentials occur or don’t) Transmission of signals from one neuron to another (at dendrites) occurs here At this gap, the arrival of action potential triggers release of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitter- Chemical that transmits information from one neuron to another ◦ Play role in behavior ◦ Specific ones function at specific synapses Example Neurotransmitters: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Dopamine Norepinephrine Serotonin Endorphins Certain chemicals or drugs can cause increase or decrease in release. Dopamine- Pleasurable emotions Norepinephrine- contributes to mood and arousal Serotonin- plays role in depression Endorphins- Body’s own internally produced morphine like substance ◦ Plays role in pain relief