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Psychology 210 Cellular Anatomy Lecture 2 Cells of the Nervous System ________________ Information processing and communicating nerve cells Glia Addressed later What do you know about neurons coming into this class? How does a neuron communicate with another neuron? What type of signal is processed in a neuron? What are the parts of a neuron? Parts of a Neuron 3 main parts ________________ Receive information Soma (________________) Cellular maintenance ________________ Transmits information Dendrites Tree like processes Receives information from other neurons Dendritic spines Create more area for axons to transmit information Change depending on the amount of ________________ This is one of the suggested bases for ________________ and memory A neuron can have multiple ________________ The soma ________________- contains DNA Nucleolus- constructs ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum- contains ribosomes that construct proteins Golgi apparatus- “packages” proteins Mitochondria- produces ________________ The Axon Transmits information to other neurons Myelin sheath ________________ that aids in the speed of the neural transmission Axon terminal End of the axon Contains ________________________________ Also called terminal buttons More on the Axon Axon ________________ Where the action potential begins Nodes of ________________ Segments of bare axon not covered by myelin Giant Squid Used to study axons in the 1930s-1940s ____________________________ axon visible to the eye Doesn’t have myelin, so it is extra large to add conductance Characterization of neurons Sensory neurons Translates incoming sensory information into an electrical signal ________________ Neurons Conduct information towards the brain from the muscles and senses Interneurons Neurons in the spinal cord and the brain that both communicate a signal and process that signal ________________ Neurons Conduct information away from the brain to the muscles and senses Motor Neurons Translates electrical signal to the muscles and glands Not all neurons look the same Named by the number of extensions from the cell body Unipolar One extension that branches into ________________and an axon Bipolar Two extensions: one ________________and one dendrite Multipolar Many extensions: one axon, ________________dendrites Unipolar Neurons Found primarily in human ________________and invertebrates Sensory neurons that conduct impulses into the brain Bipolar Neurons Found primarily as sensory neurons in ________________, audition and olfaction Multipolar neurons Found everywhere else Brain Peripheral autonomic nervous system ________________cord What happens in a nerve Neurons communicate information to other neurons The signal itself is an electrical signal within the neuron ________________________________ From neuron to neuron, communication is ________________ The Resting Potential Two forces at work in a neuron Force 1: ________________________________: the idea that the concentration of a molecule tries to remain constant throughout the medium (substance) The Resting Potential Ex. Smells: the garbage begins to smell in one spot, but the smell slowly expands throughout the house The smell gets lighter and lighter as it ________________ throughout the house It tries to spread out as evenly as possible Status of the main players (ions) Sodium (Na+): more of it ________________of the neuron Potassium (K+): more of it ________________of the neuron Chloride (Cl-): more of it ________________of the neuron Based on equilibrium… What does Na+, K+, and Cl- want to do? Are they “happy” where they are? What direction will they move if allowed? Due to equilibrium… Na+ wants to move ________________the neuron K+ wants to move ________________the neuron Cl- wants to move ________________the neuron What about charge? Does charge play a role in things? According to charge, how might the ions react? How do charges react to each other? ________________ attract Like charges repel One more piece to the puzzle There are large molecules inside the neuron with ________________ charges Now which way do the ions want to go? Potassium: Which way does equilibrium push? What about the charge? Now which way do the ions want to go? Chloride: Which way does equilibrium push? What about the charge? Now which way do the ions want to go? Sodium: Which way does equilibrium push? What about the charge? At rest Resting potential -70mV Potassium ________________________________ the membrane Sodium and Chloride ________________ cross the membrane Stimulation When stimulated by another neuron, some ________________________________are opened K+ channels close The action potential If the signal is strong enough, it makes it to the axon hillock If strong enough, an ________________________________is generated Threshold Begins an action potential The action potential Depolarization: occurs when Na+ flows ________________the cell Due to ________________ channels opening How’s potassium feeling now? Sodium moving inside the cell made the inside of the cell more ________________ This ________________ potassium to move outside The action potential K+ channels ________________at the peak and K+ flows ________________of the cell This repolarizes the cell and even overshoots the resting potential of before Called hyperpolarization Then the ________________________________brings the K back inside the cell and the Na back outside the cell 2 K for every 3 Na Uses energy (ATP) The action potential The Sodium Potassium pump restores the original environment of the resting potential so that the neuron can fire yet again This is known as the ________________________________period Graded Potentials Action Potentials are referred to as “________________________________” Either get an action potential or not Inputs that don’t reach threshold: Graded Potentials Can add up across synapses/inputs to reach threshold Saltatory Conduction ________________________________is not perfect Signal loses strength down the axon Regeneration of the Action Potential occurs at each ________________in the myelin At the Axon Terminal Vesicles containing ________________________________are present When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, Ca2+ channels open up and this causes the fusing of the vesicles to the membrane and the release of the neurotransmitters into the synaptic ________________ In the Synaptic Cleft Neurotransmitters cross the membrane and bind to receptors on the receiving neuron Depending on the neurotransmitter, it can either ________________________________ the post-synaptic neuron Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)- the excitation of the receiving neuron Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)- the inhibition of the receiving neuron Neurotransmitters Various ________________ Can either excite the receiving neuron or inhibit it Acetylcholine- an excitatory NT typically found in the muscles ________________- an inhibitory NT typically found elsewhere in the nervous system How transmission occurs Multiple synapses on each neuronal dendrite Some can excite while others ________________ Axon potentials can be created by multiple EPSPs from multiple neurons Called ________________ Summation How transmission occurs One synapse can fire repeatedly on the same dendrite within a short temporal window (time period) Axon potentials can be created by multiple EPSPs from a single neuron Called __________________________ Summation Summary: One last thing Transmission within the neuron is electric Via ________________________________ Transmission between neurons is chemical Via ________________________________ Glial cells Astrocytes- structural support and blood brain barrier Oligodendrocytes- myelination of axons CNS ________________ cells- myelination of axons PNS Microglia- clean up