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Transcript
Biopsychology 2 AQA A Specification:The structure and function of sensory, relay and motor neurons. The process of synaptic transmission, including reference to neurotransmitters, excitation and inhibition. Synaptic transmission • While the flow of a signal along (within) a neuron is electrical, the signal between neurons is chemical. • This transmission happens at a synapse. • A synapse is a specialised ‘gap’ between neurons through which the electrical impulse from the neuron is transmitted chemically to another neuron. • When the electrical impulse reaches the end of the neuron (the presynaptic terminal) it triggers the release of a neurotransmitter from tiny sacs called synaptic vesicles. Neurotransmitter (NT) • Brain chemicals released from the synaptic vesicles that relay signals across the synapse from one neuron to another. • Can be divided into those that perform an excitatory function and those that perform an inhibitory function. • Can you think of any examples from the biological approach? What happens? • Each neurotransmitter has its own specific molecular structure that fits perfectly into a post-synaptic receptor site, similar to a lock and a key. • When the right key (i.e. neurotransmitter) meets the right lock (i.e. receptor) a specific ion channel in the membrane is opened. • Ions then flow through the membrane into the neuron along their specific pathways. • This flooding of ions can cause an ‘action potential’ in the dendrites. • These action potentials can be excitatory or inhibitory Excitation/Inhibition Excitatory – When a NT increases the positive charge of the postsynaptic neuron. This increases the likelihood that the neuron will fire and pass on the electrical impulse. E.g. adrenaline. Inhibitory – When a NT increases the negative charge of the postsynaptic neuron. This decreases the likelihood that the neuron will fire and pass on the electrical impulse. E.g. serotonin.
