Axonal of Kinesin in the Chain Isoforms
... The mechanochemical ATPase kinesin is thought to move membrane-bounded organelles along microtubules in fast axonal transport. However, fast transport includes several classes of organelles moving at rates that differ by an order of magnitude. Further, the fact that cytoplasmic forms of kinesin exis ...
... The mechanochemical ATPase kinesin is thought to move membrane-bounded organelles along microtubules in fast axonal transport. However, fast transport includes several classes of organelles moving at rates that differ by an order of magnitude. Further, the fact that cytoplasmic forms of kinesin exis ...
A tale of two stories: astrocyte regulation of
... synaptic information transfer with important implications for computation performed by neuronal circuitry [1-4]. Multiple mechanisms could coexist in the same synapse, regulating the strength or the efficacy of synaptic transmission therein in a way that depends on the timing and frequency of prior ...
... synaptic information transfer with important implications for computation performed by neuronal circuitry [1-4]. Multiple mechanisms could coexist in the same synapse, regulating the strength or the efficacy of synaptic transmission therein in a way that depends on the timing and frequency of prior ...
Endocytosis, Recycling, and Regulated Exocytosis of Glucose
... recycling GLUT4 does not share any significant intralumenal space with furin (TGN marker) in adipocytes.22 However, recent work suggests that contributions of a non-GSV, non-ERC compartment could perhaps be a subcompartment of the TGN.17,47 An interesting explanation for the opposite models was provi ...
... recycling GLUT4 does not share any significant intralumenal space with furin (TGN marker) in adipocytes.22 However, recent work suggests that contributions of a non-GSV, non-ERC compartment could perhaps be a subcompartment of the TGN.17,47 An interesting explanation for the opposite models was provi ...
Myelin and White Matter
... With the exception of the outer and lateral loops of the flat cell processes, the cellular cytoplasm disappears from these processes and the remaining cell membranes condense into a compact structure in which each membrane is closely apposed to the adjacent one. If myelin were unrolled from the axon ...
... With the exception of the outer and lateral loops of the flat cell processes, the cellular cytoplasm disappears from these processes and the remaining cell membranes condense into a compact structure in which each membrane is closely apposed to the adjacent one. If myelin were unrolled from the axon ...
Differential recruitment of Dishevelled provides signaling specificity
... receptor (Bhanot et al. 1996), although confirmation awaits more definitive evidence. This observation also raises the possibility that another member of the Wnt family, of which four have been identified in Drosophila, could function as the PCP ligand to regulate Fz activity. Wnt signaling appears ...
... receptor (Bhanot et al. 1996), although confirmation awaits more definitive evidence. This observation also raises the possibility that another member of the Wnt family, of which four have been identified in Drosophila, could function as the PCP ligand to regulate Fz activity. Wnt signaling appears ...
Targeting membrane proteins to inner segments of vertebrate
... Xenopus photoreceptors, we discovered a di-arginine ER retention motif and a leucinebased ER export motif. These two sequence motifs must function together to maintain equilibrium of HCN1 level between the endomembrane system and the cell surface. The study of HCN1 uncovered a mechanism for the phot ...
... Xenopus photoreceptors, we discovered a di-arginine ER retention motif and a leucinebased ER export motif. These two sequence motifs must function together to maintain equilibrium of HCN1 level between the endomembrane system and the cell surface. The study of HCN1 uncovered a mechanism for the phot ...
The Presynaptic Microtubule Cytoskeleton in Physiological and
... is closely related with the fact that calcium ions destabilize MTs (Schlaepfer, 1971; Weisenberg, 1972; O’Brien et al., 1997). Despite the weight of ultrastructural and biochemical evidence that suggest the presence of MTs in presynaptic terminals, immunohistochemical analyses revealed that both MTs ...
... is closely related with the fact that calcium ions destabilize MTs (Schlaepfer, 1971; Weisenberg, 1972; O’Brien et al., 1997). Despite the weight of ultrastructural and biochemical evidence that suggest the presence of MTs in presynaptic terminals, immunohistochemical analyses revealed that both MTs ...
Axon Initial Segment Cytoskeleton: Architecture, Development, and
... of Ranvier. ((a), bottom) Molecular organization of the AIS. The AIS can be divided into three layers: the plasma membrane, submembrane cytoskeleton, and inner AIS shaft (left), each having AIS-specific features (zoomed view at right). The scaffolding protein ankyrin G (AnkG) recruits many other pro ...
... of Ranvier. ((a), bottom) Molecular organization of the AIS. The AIS can be divided into three layers: the plasma membrane, submembrane cytoskeleton, and inner AIS shaft (left), each having AIS-specific features (zoomed view at right). The scaffolding protein ankyrin G (AnkG) recruits many other pro ...
Full-Text PDF
... activity in inhibition studies, as well as the enzyme preparation from different animal or human tissues [44-53]. Measurement of the specific Na+,K+-ATPase activity (nanomol of inorganic phosphate, Pi, liberated per min per milligram of protein as well as protein content) is required to evaluate the ...
... activity in inhibition studies, as well as the enzyme preparation from different animal or human tissues [44-53]. Measurement of the specific Na+,K+-ATPase activity (nanomol of inorganic phosphate, Pi, liberated per min per milligram of protein as well as protein content) is required to evaluate the ...
Increased Association Between Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
... domain and reduces its binding to microtubules (20). In JNPL3 mice, hyperphosphorylated tau accumulates in the somatodendritic compartment and forms NFTs in the motor neurons of the spinal cord, whereas neurons at the preYtangle stage predominate in the brain (19). The accumulation of tau protein in ...
... domain and reduces its binding to microtubules (20). In JNPL3 mice, hyperphosphorylated tau accumulates in the somatodendritic compartment and forms NFTs in the motor neurons of the spinal cord, whereas neurons at the preYtangle stage predominate in the brain (19). The accumulation of tau protein in ...
Mitochondrial support of persistent presynaptic vesicle mobilization
... mitochondria (Pathak et al., 2015). In addition, ATP from glycolysis can also support synaptic transmission under resting conditions, but mobilization of vesicles from the reserve pool requires mitochondrial ATP (Verstreken et al., 2005). Indeed, total vesicular release correlates well with the pres ...
... mitochondria (Pathak et al., 2015). In addition, ATP from glycolysis can also support synaptic transmission under resting conditions, but mobilization of vesicles from the reserve pool requires mitochondrial ATP (Verstreken et al., 2005). Indeed, total vesicular release correlates well with the pres ...
Clostridium and Bacillus Binary Enterotoxins
... human feces, correlation with human disease has not been definitively proven [69]. Rabbits are most susceptible to C. spiroforme-induced diarrhea during stressful periods that include lactation, old age, weaning, and an altered diet [64]. The Sa and Sb components of CST are respectively analogous to ...
... human feces, correlation with human disease has not been definitively proven [69]. Rabbits are most susceptible to C. spiroforme-induced diarrhea during stressful periods that include lactation, old age, weaning, and an altered diet [64]. The Sa and Sb components of CST are respectively analogous to ...
PapD-like chaperones and pilus biogenesis
... polypeptide from DnaK, allowing it to fold in solution. In the GroELrGroES system, semi-unfolded or misfolded polypeptides interact with the hydrophobic walls of the GroEL chamber. This is thought to prevent non-productive interactions andror to facilitate the folding of misfolded proteins.33,34 Rel ...
... polypeptide from DnaK, allowing it to fold in solution. In the GroELrGroES system, semi-unfolded or misfolded polypeptides interact with the hydrophobic walls of the GroEL chamber. This is thought to prevent non-productive interactions andror to facilitate the folding of misfolded proteins.33,34 Rel ...
View - Max-Planck
... (Figure 1). While most structural studies have focused on terrestrial plants, aquatic organisms account for around 50% of global carbon fixation (Field et al., 1998; Behrenfeld et al., 2001), and it is estimated that nearly half of this aquatic production is performed by eukaryotic algae (Jardillier ...
... (Figure 1). While most structural studies have focused on terrestrial plants, aquatic organisms account for around 50% of global carbon fixation (Field et al., 1998; Behrenfeld et al., 2001), and it is estimated that nearly half of this aquatic production is performed by eukaryotic algae (Jardillier ...
Vesicles versus Tubes: is ER-Golgi Transport in
... to Sec24 and Sec13 and that the pool of membrane-associated protein significantly Downloaded from on June 17, 20177- Published by www.plantphysiol.org Copyright © 2015 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved. ...
... to Sec24 and Sec13 and that the pool of membrane-associated protein significantly Downloaded from on June 17, 20177- Published by www.plantphysiol.org Copyright © 2015 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved. ...
The Neuronal Endomembrane System
... The Golgi apparatus plays a central role in the packaging and addressing of cell products destined for the cell surface or secretion. Following these steps, the cell products in neurons are usually transported to their final sites within the neuronal processes by fast axonal transport. Direct eviden ...
... The Golgi apparatus plays a central role in the packaging and addressing of cell products destined for the cell surface or secretion. Following these steps, the cell products in neurons are usually transported to their final sites within the neuronal processes by fast axonal transport. Direct eviden ...
Donohoe, B.S., B. - University of Colorado-MCDB
... that the coupling of Golgi stacks to ER export sites in plant cells is transient, and occurs only when an ER export site is actively producing COPII buds and vesicles for export to the Golgi. To this end, budding COPII vesicles are born within a 40 nm thick scaffold layer that contains Atp115 (Arabi ...
... that the coupling of Golgi stacks to ER export sites in plant cells is transient, and occurs only when an ER export site is actively producing COPII buds and vesicles for export to the Golgi. To this end, budding COPII vesicles are born within a 40 nm thick scaffold layer that contains Atp115 (Arabi ...
PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND BIOMEMBRANES L. L. M. VAN DEENEN
... which are believed not to be fundamentally different in several respects from the cytoplasmic membrane, have been demonstrated to be extraordinarily rich in phospholipids. The mitochondrial phospholipids are now known to play an indispensable role in the energy transducing functions of these cell pa ...
... which are believed not to be fundamentally different in several respects from the cytoplasmic membrane, have been demonstrated to be extraordinarily rich in phospholipids. The mitochondrial phospholipids are now known to play an indispensable role in the energy transducing functions of these cell pa ...
pdf file - John Innes Centre
... The movement of ammonium across biological membranes is an important process in nearly all organisms from bacteria to man, and it is effected by a family of integral membrane proteins that is conserved throughout all domains of life (1, 2). The ammonium transporter (Amt)1 protein family comprises th ...
... The movement of ammonium across biological membranes is an important process in nearly all organisms from bacteria to man, and it is effected by a family of integral membrane proteins that is conserved throughout all domains of life (1, 2). The ammonium transporter (Amt)1 protein family comprises th ...
Analysis of exocyst subunit EXO70 family reveals
... Plant cells have several polar membrane domains with different composition (Žárský et al., 2009, Łangowski et al., 2010 Łangowski et al., 2016) and additional polarized structures arise during response to pathogens and symbionts (Dormann et al., 2014).One of the key components regulating cell polari ...
... Plant cells have several polar membrane domains with different composition (Žárský et al., 2009, Łangowski et al., 2010 Łangowski et al., 2016) and additional polarized structures arise during response to pathogens and symbionts (Dormann et al., 2014).One of the key components regulating cell polari ...
SNARE (protein)
SNARE proteins (an acronym derived from ""SNAP (Soluble NSF Attachment Protein) REceptor"") are a large protein superfamily consisting of more than 60 members in yeast and mammalian cells. The primary role of SNARE proteins is to mediate vesicle fusion, that is, the fusion of vesicles with their target membrane bound compartments (such as a lysosome). The best studied SNAREs are those that mediate docking of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane in neurons. These SNAREs are the targets of the bacterial neurotoxins responsible for botulism and tetanus.