Structural Sterols Are Involved in Both the Initiation and Tip Growth
... and reduce the permeability to small molecules (Mukherjee and Maxfield, 2000). Membrane properties such as composition, width, and (a)symmetry can be changed by certain sterol types (Marsan et al., 1996, 1998). In model membranes, the ratio and chemical structure of sterols determine phase separatio ...
... and reduce the permeability to small molecules (Mukherjee and Maxfield, 2000). Membrane properties such as composition, width, and (a)symmetry can be changed by certain sterol types (Marsan et al., 1996, 1998). In model membranes, the ratio and chemical structure of sterols determine phase separatio ...
Stockholm University
... 3.1. C-Peptide Shows Overall Random Coil Features. Other studies have shown that C-peptide is predominately unstructured in aqueous solution and in the presence of lipid vesicles at pH 5 and 7 [12]. This is also seen in our CD spectra (Figures 1(b) and 1(c)), which show random coil features in buffer ...
... 3.1. C-Peptide Shows Overall Random Coil Features. Other studies have shown that C-peptide is predominately unstructured in aqueous solution and in the presence of lipid vesicles at pH 5 and 7 [12]. This is also seen in our CD spectra (Figures 1(b) and 1(c)), which show random coil features in buffer ...
Input evoked nonlinearities in silicon dendritic circuits
... Pyramidal cells in neocortex and hippocampus have highly complicated dendritic structures, but the computational contribution of the dendritic tree in neuronal processing is still elusive. Experimental evidence suggests that individual dendritic branches can be considered as independent computationa ...
... Pyramidal cells in neocortex and hippocampus have highly complicated dendritic structures, but the computational contribution of the dendritic tree in neuronal processing is still elusive. Experimental evidence suggests that individual dendritic branches can be considered as independent computationa ...
Plasma Membrane Depolarization and Disturbed Na Homeostasis
... excitation and 510-nm emission wavelengths in a Deltascan fluorescence spectrophotometer (PTI, Monmouth Junction, NJ). A calibration curve was used to quantify [Na1]i (in millimolar). The calibration curve was made in the presence of 3 mM gramicidin in a medium containing different concentrations of ...
... excitation and 510-nm emission wavelengths in a Deltascan fluorescence spectrophotometer (PTI, Monmouth Junction, NJ). A calibration curve was used to quantify [Na1]i (in millimolar). The calibration curve was made in the presence of 3 mM gramicidin in a medium containing different concentrations of ...
Deep mutational scanning reveals tail anchor
... insertion stands in stark contrast with TA protein insertion into the endoplasmic ...
... insertion stands in stark contrast with TA protein insertion into the endoplasmic ...
The AP-3 adaptor complex is required for vacuolar function
... Subcellular trafficking is required for a multitude of functions in eukaryotic cells. It involves regulation of cargo sorting, vesicle formation, trafficking and fusion processes at multiple levels. Adaptor protein (AP) complexes are key regulators of cargo sorting into vesicles in yeast and mammals ...
... Subcellular trafficking is required for a multitude of functions in eukaryotic cells. It involves regulation of cargo sorting, vesicle formation, trafficking and fusion processes at multiple levels. Adaptor protein (AP) complexes are key regulators of cargo sorting into vesicles in yeast and mammals ...
Signals from the lysosome: a control centre for cellular clearance
... Lysosome-mediated degradation. Similar to the transport of urban waste to incinerators, the collection and transport of cellular waste to lysosomes requires complex logistics. The cell has developed different routes for transporting extracellular and intracellular waste to the lysosome. Extracellula ...
... Lysosome-mediated degradation. Similar to the transport of urban waste to incinerators, the collection and transport of cellular waste to lysosomes requires complex logistics. The cell has developed different routes for transporting extracellular and intracellular waste to the lysosome. Extracellula ...
9 Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential
... The Na+ and K+ currents depend on two factors: the conductance for each ion and the electrochemical driving force acting on the ion. Since the Na+ and K+ membrane conductance is directly proportional to the number of open Na+ and K+ channels, we can gain insight into how membrane voltage controls ch ...
... The Na+ and K+ currents depend on two factors: the conductance for each ion and the electrochemical driving force acting on the ion. Since the Na+ and K+ membrane conductance is directly proportional to the number of open Na+ and K+ channels, we can gain insight into how membrane voltage controls ch ...
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... July 15, 2009; doi:10.1152/jn.00418.2009. Two distinct mechanisms mediate potentiating effects of depolarization on synaptic transmission. Recently there has been renewed interest in a type of plasticity in which a neuron’s somatic membrane potential influences synaptic transmission. We study mechan ...
... July 15, 2009; doi:10.1152/jn.00418.2009. Two distinct mechanisms mediate potentiating effects of depolarization on synaptic transmission. Recently there has been renewed interest in a type of plasticity in which a neuron’s somatic membrane potential influences synaptic transmission. We study mechan ...
Functional Characterisation of Plant
... Plant mitochondria represent a fascinating model of mitochondrial evolution and biogenesis. Unlike their counterparts in fungi and animals, plant mitochondria coexist with another endosymbiotic organelle, the chloroplast. Therefore, significant differences in mitochondrial biology have been observed ...
... Plant mitochondria represent a fascinating model of mitochondrial evolution and biogenesis. Unlike their counterparts in fungi and animals, plant mitochondria coexist with another endosymbiotic organelle, the chloroplast. Therefore, significant differences in mitochondrial biology have been observed ...
Golgins and GTPases, giving identity and structure to the Golgi
... Giantin, on the other hand, is an integral membrane protein of 400 kDa, with a C-terminal transmembrane domain and a very large cytoplasmic domain containing extensive regions predicted to form coiled-coil [28]. It is localized to the edges of the Golgi stack and on COPI vesicles and also binds p115 ...
... Giantin, on the other hand, is an integral membrane protein of 400 kDa, with a C-terminal transmembrane domain and a very large cytoplasmic domain containing extensive regions predicted to form coiled-coil [28]. It is localized to the edges of the Golgi stack and on COPI vesicles and also binds p115 ...
Fatty acid
... result from hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone • Typical secondary structures are a coil called an helix and a folded structure called a ...
... result from hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone • Typical secondary structures are a coil called an helix and a folded structure called a ...
Mitochondrial Dynamics in Mammals
... In contrast to human mitofusins, overexpression of murine Mfn1 or Mfn2 does not lead to perinuclear clustering (Chen et al., 2003). In addition, overexpression in mouse embryonic fibroblasts does not extend the length of mitochondrial tubules or increase their interconnectivity. However, when the co ...
... In contrast to human mitofusins, overexpression of murine Mfn1 or Mfn2 does not lead to perinuclear clustering (Chen et al., 2003). In addition, overexpression in mouse embryonic fibroblasts does not extend the length of mitochondrial tubules or increase their interconnectivity. However, when the co ...
The Membrane Steps of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis as Antibiotic
... was studied with purified enzyme, both the wild-type and its mutants, without the interference of other contaminant enzymes or traces of C55-P in a membrane preparation. Fourteen single mutations that led to significant loss of activity revealed the involvement of these residues in the catalytic rol ...
... was studied with purified enzyme, both the wild-type and its mutants, without the interference of other contaminant enzymes or traces of C55-P in a membrane preparation. Fourteen single mutations that led to significant loss of activity revealed the involvement of these residues in the catalytic rol ...
Calcium diffusion models and transmitter release in
... additional channels are opened, regardless of the calcium-release stoichiometry. The calcium concentration in each domain would not increase with depolarization. In fact, bigger depolarizations approaching the calcium equilibrium potential will admit less calciti m per channel, which will lead to re ...
... additional channels are opened, regardless of the calcium-release stoichiometry. The calcium concentration in each domain would not increase with depolarization. In fact, bigger depolarizations approaching the calcium equilibrium potential will admit less calciti m per channel, which will lead to re ...
Molecular dynamics of serpins
... • the specificity and stability of PAI-1 is regulated by cofactors such as heparin and ...
... • the specificity and stability of PAI-1 is regulated by cofactors such as heparin and ...
a b
... arginine or histidine, most of which adopt an extended a-helical structure. Despite these very diverse structural motifs, most of these antimicrobial peptides are membrane-active agents. The net positive charges facilitate initial binding to the negatively charged bacterial membrane through an elect ...
... arginine or histidine, most of which adopt an extended a-helical structure. Despite these very diverse structural motifs, most of these antimicrobial peptides are membrane-active agents. The net positive charges facilitate initial binding to the negatively charged bacterial membrane through an elect ...
Chapter 5 Photosynthesis
... et al., 1996), which is not completely understood, the manganese cluster get oxidized by TyrZ and the manganese cluster oxidizes water which lead to the release of molecular oxygen and four protons. At least four photons are required to oxidize one water and to release two quinoles from the QB site. ...
... et al., 1996), which is not completely understood, the manganese cluster get oxidized by TyrZ and the manganese cluster oxidizes water which lead to the release of molecular oxygen and four protons. At least four photons are required to oxidize one water and to release two quinoles from the QB site. ...
Multiple Roles of the Cytoskeleton in Bacterial Autophagy
... mediates closure of the autophagosomal membrane (Figure 1B). In humans there are six ATG8 orthologues belonging to the light chain 3 (LC3) or c-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) subfamilies, and by interacting with an extensive repertoire of proteins, they have important roles ...
... mediates closure of the autophagosomal membrane (Figure 1B). In humans there are six ATG8 orthologues belonging to the light chain 3 (LC3) or c-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) subfamilies, and by interacting with an extensive repertoire of proteins, they have important roles ...
Gain and Loss of Photosynthetic Membranes during
... neither homogeneous nor necessarily null. Rather, their developmental state varies with the specific region and/or layer of the SAM in which they are found. Plastids throughout the L1 and L3 layers of the SAM possess fairly developed thylakoid networks. However, many of these plastids eventually los ...
... neither homogeneous nor necessarily null. Rather, their developmental state varies with the specific region and/or layer of the SAM in which they are found. Plastids throughout the L1 and L3 layers of the SAM possess fairly developed thylakoid networks. However, many of these plastids eventually los ...
Protons and how they are transported by proton pumps
... predicted to be very close to Asp684 (Fig. 3). Conserved charged amino acid residues at the bottom of the proton exit pathway may also support proton release, perhaps by providing the scaffold for binding of water molecules. A similar arrangement is seen in the proton release pathway of bacteriorhod ...
... predicted to be very close to Asp684 (Fig. 3). Conserved charged amino acid residues at the bottom of the proton exit pathway may also support proton release, perhaps by providing the scaffold for binding of water molecules. A similar arrangement is seen in the proton release pathway of bacteriorhod ...
Facing extremes: archaeal surface-layer (glyco)proteins
... are enriched in acidic residues relative to their nonhalophilic counterparts. An enhanced number of acidic residues is thought to encourage proper protein folding in high-salt conditions (Madern et al., 2000; Fukuchi et al., 2003). In each case, the S-layer glycoproteins are believed to be anchored ...
... are enriched in acidic residues relative to their nonhalophilic counterparts. An enhanced number of acidic residues is thought to encourage proper protein folding in high-salt conditions (Madern et al., 2000; Fukuchi et al., 2003). In each case, the S-layer glycoproteins are believed to be anchored ...
SNARE (protein)
SNARE proteins (an acronym derived from ""SNAP (Soluble NSF Attachment Protein) REceptor"") are a large protein superfamily consisting of more than 60 members in yeast and mammalian cells. The primary role of SNARE proteins is to mediate vesicle fusion, that is, the fusion of vesicles with their target membrane bound compartments (such as a lysosome). The best studied SNAREs are those that mediate docking of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane in neurons. These SNAREs are the targets of the bacterial neurotoxins responsible for botulism and tetanus.