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PÁZMÁNY PÉTER CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND BIONICS DEPARTMENT OF NEUROSCIENCE NEUROBIOLOGY EXAM II. 18-01-2017 Name: ………………………………………………… Points: (Maximum: 100 points) ……………………………. Examiner’ signature ……………………………. Student’s signature This is a schematic drawing of a cortical module. Name the different cortical layers, and then label the listed elements in the scheme with letters and arrows! (12 points) A. Specific afferents from subcortical centers B. GABAergic interneuron establishing axo-axonic synapses C. Neurons establishing large projection pathways D. Excitatory interneurons E. Terminal fibers of commissural and associative pathways F. Apical dendrites establishing „cross-over” synapses Complete the text below! (15 points) The most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain is the _________________________________________ . It is a building block of all proteins, but a high affinity transport system is required to get it through the ____ _____________________________________, thereby its concentration in brain fluids is also maintained at a fairly constant level. It is also synthetized in the CNS by the enzyme ____________________________. This can occur in the presynaptic neuron or in neighboring glial cells. Itself serves as metabolic precursor for the major inhibitory neurotransmitter ____________________________, via the action of the enzyme ____ ______________________________________. It binds to four families of cell surface receptors, which are known as the ______________________, _______________________, ___________________________, ________________________________________________. The first three receptors are _______________ _______________, whereas the last group of receptors are _______________________________________. It is eliminated from the extracellular space by transporter proteins located in the ______________________ of the neurons and astroglial cells, and the round-shaped __________________________________. In brain injury or disease, these transporters often work in reverse, and excess of this neurotransmitter can accumulate outside cells, that may lead to pathological accumulation of ________________________________ (ion) inside the cell and ultimately to ______________________________________. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). Give an explanation, why. (8 points) Receptor potentials are graded potentials. _________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ The reflex arc is the simplest neuronal network consisting of a single sensory and motor neuron. ________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ The stimulus, which activates a reflex arc, is also transmitted towards higher centers. _________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ The specific stimulus of the knee jerk reflex is the sudden pain caused by the hit on the patella. __________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Noxious stimuli evoke contraction of flexor muscles, and concurrent relaxation of extensor muscles. ______ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic reflex arcs are both cholinergic. _________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ A small motor unit consists of a single muscle fiber and 5-6 motoneurons. __________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Interneurons of the spinal cord are located in the posterior horn. __________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Identify the major elements, their location and projections in the hippocampal trisynaptic circuit. Labels are scrambled. (10 points) C 5 6 2 4 3 1 D A B A: __________________________________________ B: ______________________________________ C: __________________________________________ D: ______________________________________ 1: __________________________________________ 2: _______________________________________ 3: __________________________________________ 4: _______________________________________ 5: __________________________________________ 6: _______________________________________ Parameters of the nervous system. Give the number and the unit (if possible) (!). Conduction velocity of the naked axon: _______________________________ Duration of an action potential: _______________________________ (8 points) Estimated number of synapses in the human brain: _______________________________ Diameter of spherical synaptic vesicles: _______________________________ Synaptic delay of chemical synapses: _________________________________________ Estimated number of cortical columns _________________________________________ Estimated number of synapses established by parallel fibers on a Purkinje cell Speed of fast anterograde transport __________________ ______________________________________________ (14 points) What method would you use to reveal and why: Axon degeneration after peripheral nerve injury ____________________________________________ Explanation: ________________________________________________________________________ Burst firing of thalamic relay neurons ___________________________________________________ Explanation: _________________________________________________________________________ Memory functions in rats ________________________________________________________________ Explanation: ________________________________________________________________________ Connecting neuronal elements in the visual pathway _________________________________ Explanation: _________________________________________________________________________ The motor speech area in the human brain _________________________________________________________ Explanation: __________________________________________________________________________________ Number of docking vesicles: _____________________________________________________________ Explanation: __________________________________________________________________________ Presence of NMDA receptors in pyramidal cells: _____________________________________________ Explanation: __________________________________________________________________________ Identify and provide the name of the structures described by the following statements! Multiple 20 answers are possible! (10 points) 19 16 15 10 3 11 9 18 1 2 17 8 14 4 6 7 12 13 5 It is a relay station for a pathway transmitting signals (information) from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum: Number: _________________ Name: ________________________________________________________ It receives information from both sides of the visual field: Number: _________________ Name: ________________________________________________________ It relays information from all sensory modalities with the exception of olfaction: Number: _________________ Name: ________________________________________________________ It contains fibers connecting corresponding parts of the two hemispheres: Number: _________________ Name: ________________________________________________________ It contains the upper motoneurons for the leg: Number: _________________ Name: ________________________________________________________ Central regulator(s) of the endocrine organs: Number: _________________ Name: ________________________________________________________ It hosts the motor nuclei of the oculomotor and trochlear nerves: Number: _________________ Name: ________________________________________________________ It is part of the limbic system: Number: _________________ Name: ________________________________________________________ It contains the lower motoneurons for the neck muscles: Number: _________________ Name: ________________________________________________________ Origin and the terminal field of the climbing fibers: Number: _________________ Name: ________________________________________________________ Describe the major changes in the given parameters during the defined processes! (10 points) Changes in the intracellular calcium concentration, when the action potential reaches the axon terminal: _____________________________________________________________________________________ Changes in the gap between neighboring cells, if synapses are formed: __________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Changes in the conductance velocity with myelination of axons: ______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Changes of the membrane potential upon binding of GABA to GABA-A receptors___________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Changes in the firing rate of motoneurons, if the innervated muscle is suddenly elongated: ______________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Sensory organs. Evaluate the following statements for correctness: Give a short explanation or a few examples supporting your answer. Signal amplifiers can be found in most sensory organs. (8 points) _______________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Thalamic relay nucleus of the olfactory pathway can be found in the intralaminar nuclei _______________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Thermo-sensation is processed in subcortical areas, such as the striatum. _______________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Decussations characterize all sensory pathways. _______________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ The highest proportion of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information. _______________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ The auditory information is transmitted via a fast, monosynaptic pathway. _______________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Injury of the optic tract on one side results in blindness in the visual field of both eyes on the side of the injury _______________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ High frequency tones are detected at the base of the snail, whereas low frequency tones are detected at the top of the snail. _______________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Define the following terms: (5 points) Olfactory glomerulus: _________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Commissural pathway: _________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Heteronym hemianopsia: ________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Reticular formation: _____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Second messenger: ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________