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Lab 9 The Nervous System: Histology and The Brain Objective 1 Neuron Structure Main parts of a neuron Dendrites (receive) Cell Body (process) Axon (send) Axon Terminals (transfer) Multipolar Neuron model Axon Terminals Dendrites (receptive regions) Cell body (biosynthetic center and receptive region) Neuron cell body Nissl bodies (rough ER) Dendrite Neurofibrils Nucleus Nucleolus Axon (impulse generating and conducting region) Impulse direction Axon hillock Impulse direction Axon Neurilemma (sheath of Schwann) Schwann cell (one internode) Node of Ranvier Impulse direction Terminal branches (Telodendria) Axon terminals (secretory component) What you need to draw and label Cell Body Spinal Cord Smear – Motor Neuron Schwann cells - supporting cells of the PNS that myelinate axons. • Myelin sheath – whitish lipoprotein that surrounds and insulates the axon (nerve fiber) • Neurilemma - external layer containing bulk of cytoplasm with nucleus and organelles Schwann cell myelin sheath nucleus axon neurilemma Node of Ranvier Nodes of Ranvier - Gaps between successive Schwann cells along the length of the axon What you need to draw and label Axon Node of Ranvier Neurilemma Objective 2 Neuron Classification Objective 2 Neuron Classification Pseudounipolar: - a short process emerges from the cell body and divides into proximal and distal branches - most sensory neurons soma Distal process (toward periphery) Proximal process (toward CNS) Pseudounipolar Cell Bodies in the Dorsal Root ganglion of a Spinal Nerve Centrally located nuclei Dorsal Root Ganglion Spinal Cord Pseudounipolar cell bodies Bipolar neuron Human retina -a single axon and a single dendrite attached to opposite sides of the cell body -found in special sense organs (eye, ear, etc.) Bipolar neurons Bipolar neurons in the human retina Bipolar neurons Multipolar: - multiple dendrites and a single axon - includes most neurons; all motor neurons and most CNS neurons Purkinje cell of the Cerebellum Neuron from the cerebral cortex Pyramidal cell of the hippocampus Multipolar neurons have diverse morphologies Silver Stained Neuron In Gray Matter Spinal Cord - Anterior Horn Multipolar neurons Multipolar neurons you will be drawing Pyramidal cell Purkinje cell Pyramidal cell (Low Power – Cerebrum) Purkinje cell (Low Power - Cerebellum) Objective 3 Nerves Nerves are structures of the PNS that consist of axons and dendrites bundled together by connective tissues Fascicle: a bundle of axons or dendrites Epineurium: tough, fibrous connective tissue sheath surrounding a nerve Perineurium: loose, areolar connective tissue sheath surrounding fascicles Endoneurium: delicate connective tissue wrapping around each nerve fiber a = epineurium b= perineurium perineurium endoneurium axon LAB ACTIVITY Draw and label the components of the nerve cross section Nervous System The Brain H u m a n B r a i n Sheep Brain OBJECTIVES • Identify the components of the human brain using models and diagrams • Identify the structures of the sheep brain Objective 4: Anatomy of the human brain Cerebrum (gold area) Diencephalon (Violet area) Brain stem (green area) Cerebellum (pink area) Cerebrum Structures of the Cerebrum Cerebral Hemispheres Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere Fissure Gyrus Sulcus Frontal cut Gray Matter – Cerebral cortex & Basal nuclei White Matter – Myelinated fiber tracts (axons) Ventricles Structures of the Cerebrum Human Brain, Lateral View Central sulcus Parieto-occipital Sulcus Gyrus Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Transverse Fissure Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Lateral sulcus Structures of the Cerebrum Human Brain, Superior View Postcentral gyrus Longitudinal fissure Occipital pole Central sulcus Precentral gyrus Frontal pole Midsagittal Section of Human Brain Corpus Callosum Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Fornix Septum pellucidum Occipital lobe Internal Structures of the Cerebrum Frontal Section Longitudinal fissure Corpus callosum Septum pellucidum Lateral Ventricles Fornix Diencephalon Functions of the Diencephalon Endocrine System Relay Stations Thalamus Structures of & related to the Diencephalon Midsagittal Section Pineal body/ gland Intermediate mass Hypothalamus Mammillary body Hypothalamus Infundibulum Pituitary gland Sella Turcica Brainstem Midbrain: Corpora quadrigemina Superior colliculi Inferior colliculi Cerebral peduncle Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Brainstem Posterior Pineal body/ gland Corpora quadrigemina Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus Structures of the Brainstem Inferior View Optic chiasma Infundibulum Mammilary Bodies Midbrain (Cerebral peduncle) Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Cerebellum “Little Brain” Structures of the Cerebellum Midsagittal Section Cerebellar Peduncles Fourth ventricle Arbor Vitae Meninges of the Brain Meninges of the Brain A mnemonic PAD from deep to superficial the layers of the meninges are pia, arachnoid, dura (they pad the brain) Ventricles of the Brain Third Ventricle Cerebral Aqueduct Fourth Ventricle The spaces within the brain through which cerebrospinal fluid flows Cerebrospinal fluid is continually produced by the choroid plexus found in the ventricles Die-cast model Objective 5: Sheep Brain Dissection Identify the external structures Inferior Sheep brain structures are the same as the human brain, only slightly different sizes Remove Dura mater (w/ pituitary gland) Identify the external structures Superior Identify the external structures Inferior Pull back the cerebellum to reveal Corpora Quadrigemina & Pineal Gland Make a midsagittal cut through the brain Identify the internal structures Midsagittal Identify the internal structures Midsagittal Lateral Ventricle Fourth Ventricle Cerebral Aqueduct Third Ventricle