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CHAPTER
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Review
03
Summary
WHAT CHARACTERISTICS
DESCRIBE THE HUMAN BRAIN?
p.34
• The human brain has three major characteristics:
integration, sophistication, and adaptability.
HOW IS THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
ORGANIZED? p.34
• The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (the brain and the spinal cord) and the
peripheral nervous system (the neurons and nerves
that serve every other part of the body).
• The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic
nervous system, which registers stimuli and regulates conscious
actions, and the autonomic nervous system, which controls
involuntary actions.
Chapter 03
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• Within the autonomic nervous system, the sympathetic
system stimulates organs and responds to stress, and the
parasympathetic system calms the organs and maintains
normal functioning.
HOW DOES THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM OPERATE AT THE
CELLULAR LEVEL? p.34
• The brain is made up of neurons and glial cells.
Neurons are communication cells that receive,
process, and pass on neural signals. Glia support
and insulate neurons.
• Neuron signaling is an all-or-nothing event. When the number of
positive inputs exceeds a certain threshold, the neuron fires an
action potential—an electrochemical signal that travels down the
axon. In the synapse, neurotransmitters pass on information to the
next neuron or gland.
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT PARTS
OF THE HUMAN BRAIN, AND
WHAT ROLE DOES EACH PART
PLAY? p.38
• The brain stem is connected to the spinal cord and
houses the structures that maintain basic life functions.
• The limbic system regulates emotion, motivation, and social and
emotional learning.
• The cerebral cortex performs most information processing. It
has four lobes: The occipital lobe processes visual information, the
temporal lobe handles auditory input and language, the parietal
lobe interprets sensory information, and the frontal lobe coordinates memory, reasoning, problem solving, social behavior,
language, and movement.
Test Your Understanding
1. Remembering a family vacation would activate which lobe of the
4. When you smell freshly baked cookies, olfactory information is
cerebral cortex?
carried to the central nervous system via
a. frontal lobe
b. parietal lobe
c. occipital lobe
d. temporal lobe
a. interneurons
b. motor neurons
c. sensory neurons
d. glial cells
2. Which part of the nervous system would enable you to coordinate a turn while salsa dancing?
a. central nervous system
b. parasympathetic system
c. somatic nervous system
d. sympathetic nervous system
3. Neurons indicate the strength of a stimulus by
a. changing firing frequency per second
b. increasing or decreasing the number of dendrites
c. calculating input differently in the soma
d. sending signals faster or slower down the axon
5. Seeing the face of a friend or relative might activate the thalamus,
limbic system, basal ganglia, occipital lobe, and frontal lobe. This
demonstrates which characteristic of the human brain?
a. plasticity
b. ingenuity
c. adaptability
d. integration
6. A pitch thrown by a left-handed pitcher would be directed mostly
by the pitcher’s:
a. left motor cortex
b. right motor cortex
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c. left somatosensory cortex
d. right somatosensory cortex
7. When you play the piano, the relay of information about hand
movements occurs through:
a. the occipital lobes
b. the brain stem
c. the limbic system
d. the frontal lobes
8. Damage to the left hemisphere of the brain would most
likely cause:
a. deficits in map-reading tasks
b. losses in memory
c. difficulties producing language
d. poor coordination
9. Neurotransmitters communicate messages between neurons:
a. chemically
b. electrically
c. through a myelin sheath
d. through the blood-brain barrier
10. Terminal buttons process:
a. chemical signals into electrical ones
b. electrical signals into chemical ones
c. resting potentials into action potentials
d. action potentials into resting potentials
11. If a neuron receives inhibitory signals, will it still fire?
porarily cease firing.
12. One function of glial cells is to:
a. make myelin
b. relay information
c. help create new neurons
d. fight potential pathogens
a. the spinal cord
b. the cerebellum
c. the frontal lobe
d. the parietal lobe
17. The decrease in respiration rate as you fall asleep is controlled
by the:
a. occipital lobe
b. brainstem
c. spinal cord
d. hypothalamus
18. Feeling a tap on the shoulder while you are watching a horror film
would most likely activate your:
a. amygdala
b. hypothalamus
c. globus paladus
d. cingulate cortex
19. Trying to remember what you need at the grocery store without
using a grocery list engages which brain structure?
a. the caudate
b. the putamen
c. the thalamus
d. the hippocampus
20. Damage to which brain structure would most likely result
in death?
a. cerebellum
b. medulla
c. basal ganglia
d. hippocampus
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13. If sodium ions flow into a cell as potassium ions flow out, the
cell’s charge:
a. alternates
b. remains the same
c. becomes more positive
d. becomes more negative
14. Which of the following allows an action potential to move faster
down the axon?
a. terminal button
b. synaptic cleft
c. nodes of Ranvier
d. interneurons
15. According to the theory of synaptic plasticity, learning a foreign
language or a musical instrument might increase synaptic
density by:
Answers: 1) a; 2) c; 3) a; 4) c; 5) d; 6) b; 7) d; 8)c; 9) a; 10) b; 11) d;
12) a; 13) c; 14) c; 15) d; 16) a; 17) b; 18) a; 19) d; 20) b
a. increasing brain size
b. creating new neurons
c. increasing neurotransmitters
d. fortifying neuronal connections
The Human Brain
d. Yes, if the total positive inputs exceeds the neuron’s threshold.
jerked it away again. Which part of Hannah’s nervous system
controlled her reflex action?
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a. Yes, if it also receives positive inputs.
b. No, any inhibitory signal prevents a neuron from firing.
c. No, receiving conflicting messages causes a neuron to tem-
16. Hannah accidentally placed her hand on a hot stove and instantly