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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 2 Neuroscience, Genetics and Behavior James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers Neural Communication Neural Communication Biological Psychology branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists Neuron a nerve cell the basic building block of the nervous system Neural Communication Dendrite the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body Axon the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands Myelin [MY-uh-lin] Sheath a layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses Neural Communication Action Potential a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane Threshold the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse Neural Communication Synapse [SIN-aps] junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft Neurotransmitters chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons when released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether it will generate a neural impulse 1 Neural Communication Neural Communication Serotonin Pathways Neural Communication Dopamine Pathways Neural Communication Acetylcholine [ah-seat-el-KO-leen] a neurotransmitter that, among its functions, triggers muscle contraction Endorphins [en-DOR-fins] “morphine within” natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure Neurotransmitters Dopamine- affects voluntary movement, attention, thought and memory Too much leads to Psychosis – schizophrenia Too little leads to Parkinson’s Norepinephrine- Emotional arousal, anxiety and fear – involved in the activation of the sympathetic nervous system Seratonin- Sleep and emotional arousal; implicated in aggression Too low leads to depression and increased aggression High achievers or leaders tend to have higher levels of seratonin GABA- Inhibits brain excitability and anxiety (naturally produces GHB-classified as date rape drug such as Rohypnol) Common Drugs and their Interactions Depressants Alcohol- stimulates release of dopamine and mimics GABA Valium – causes the release of GABA which causes relaxation Stimulants Cocaine – blocks the reuptake of dopamine causing heightened elevation in mood – causes blood vessel constriction- used in eye surgeries Caffeine – slows reabsorption of NT by blocking enzymes Amphetamines- increases release of Dopamine and norepinephrine and blocks reabsorption – in the past used for weight loss – today used for narcolepsy and ADHD (Ritalin) 2 Common Drugs and their Interactions Narcotics (Opiates) Heroin – stimulates the neuronal firing rate of dopamine ⌧Binds to endorphin receptor sites ⌧Tolerance occurs quickly How drugs work Mouse Party Hallucinogens Cannabis/Hash- May affect the release of a newly discovered neurotransmitter Anandamide which may reduce stress and pain LSD- (Psychedelics) Act on seratonin receptors Ecstasy- causes the release and blocks reuptake and depletes the amount of seratonin in the brain PCP – stimulates both the sympathetic and peripheral nervous system Neural Communication Neurotransmitter molecule Neurotransmission Quiz 1. The function of dendrites is to: Receiving cell membrane Receptor site on receiving neuron Agonist mimics neurotransmitter Antagonist blocks neurotransmitter Neurotransmission Quiz 2. The chemical messengers released into spatial junction between neurons are called a. b. c. d. hormones neurotransmitters genes glial cells A. receive incoming signals from other neurons B. release neurotransmitters into synaptic gap C. coordinate activation of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous symptoms D. control pain with release of opiate-like chemicals Neurotransmission Quiz 3. The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a(n): a. b. c. d. myelin sheath agonist action potential synaptic vessicle 3 Neurotransmission Quiz Neurotransmission Quiz 4. What is the minimum level of stimulation required for a neural impulse to trigger? a. reflex b. threshold c. synapse d. action potential 5. Schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter: a. dopamine b. epinephrine c. acetylcholine d. serotonin The Nervous System The Nervous System Nervous System Nervous system the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems Central (brain and spinal cord) Peripheral Central Nervous System (CNS) the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body Autonomic (controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands) Skeletal (controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles) Sympathetic (arousing) Parasympathetic (calming) The Nervous System The Nervous System Nerves Interneurons neural “cables” containing many axons part of the peripheral nervous system connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs Sensory Neurons neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs Motor Neurons carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands Somatic Nervous System the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles 4 The Nervous System The Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart) Sympathetic Nervous System division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations Parasympathetic Nervous System division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy The Nervous System The Nervous System Reflex a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus Brain Sensory neuron (incoming information) Muscle Motor neuron (outgoing information) Interneuron Spinal cord Skin receptors The Nervous System Neurons in the brain connect with one another to form networks Inputs The brain learns by modifying certain connections in response to feedback Neural Networks interconnected neural cells with experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections Outputs that produce certain results computer simulations of neural networks show analogous learning Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development Maturation biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior relatively uninfluenced by experience At birth 3 months 15 months Cortical Neurons 5