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Physiological Nature
Chapter 5
•
Physiological Nature of
intelligence is:
a) Biological platform of
cells, circuits and chemicals
with unlimited capacity
b) Mind-Body connected
c) High maintenancebrain demands
both quantity and quality of nutritional
care and environmental experience
d) Neural networks in the brain are modified
by experience and plasticity throughout
a lifespan
• How to approach this new neuroscience
information:
– Thirst for knowledge
– Go to all available information
– Be selective
P
D
S
Natureessential
characteristics and
qualities
Gist basic general
information
Essencesummation of
essential characteristics
Implicationsapplication
to leadership behaviors
IQ
R
C
E
Approach to
study
intelligence:
Productive
way of
organizing
information
•
The Physiological Nature of
Intelligence
1. The Gist of it:
* 78% water/fat/proteinslippery
* connected to the entire human physiology
* in order to understand how the brain
works, it is important to understand each
of the components, functions, regions,
structures, etc.
In a review of 37 imaging studies related to intelligence,
including their own, Haier and Jung (1998) have
uncovered evidence of a distinct neurobiology of human
intelligence. Their Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory
(P-FIT) identifies a brain network related to intelligence,
one that primarily involves areas in the frontal and the
parietal lobes.
Anterior
Posterior
Corpus Callosum (medial sulcus)
Communication between two hemispheres
– Frontal lobe
Motor cortex
Decision
making
Broca –
area
Sensory
CortexVisual
information
• Executive skills
• Reflective mediation
orbifrontal cortex (emotions)
• Broca’s areaFace, tongue,
jaw movements language
• Motor cortex
Occipital lobe
• Visual information
– Parietal lobe
Meaning making
• Sensory information from
both sides of the body
• Somasensory
cortexinformation about
pain, pressure, touch and
temperature
• Motor cortex
– Temporal lobe
Wernicke’s area
• Hearing, memory and
Cerebral Cortexouter grey matterlanguage, logic and learning
• Wernicke’s
creativity
areacomprehension of
6 vertical columns in the folders of the brain
speech, reading and writing
Neurons are undedicated, just waiting to process
Medulla
information
• Are there any questions that you have
regarding what we have discussed up to
now?
• Write 2 questions…
Below the Surface
Cingulate Gyrus
Forebrain
Hindbrain
Cingulate
Gyrus
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Spinal Cord
Hyppocampus Pituitary Gland
RAS
Pons
Amygdala
Medulla
• Who does what?
– Hindbrain
• Emerges from the spinal cord
• Composed of:
Evolutionary
development
– Medullarespiration, blood pressure, swallowing, vomiting and
defecation
– Ponsassist in controlling autonomic functions
relays information between cerebrum and cerebellum
– Cerebellummovement, balance and memoryautomaticity
• Reticular formationregulate involuntary body
movementsReticular Activating System (RAS) focus on
relevant information filters out trivial information
– Midbrain
• Mediate visual reflexes
• Coordinate head and eye movements
• Structures that mediates sensation, movement, thinking and
consciousness
– Forebrain
• Thalamusreceives information (except olfatory) and relays it
to the appropriate areas of the brain
• Hypothalamus
– Relays information about what is happening within the body to
other areas of the brain
– Sends information to the medulla area of the brain stem to control
autonomic nervous system
• Pituitary glandregulated by the hypothalamic neurons to
promote or inhibit the release of hormones, these secretions
engage the endocrine system
• Hyppocampusshaped like a seahorse
– Indexes information throughout the brain enabling learning and
formation of memory
• Amygdalaalmond shaped structure above the hypocampus
– Process sensory information to integrate emotion with memory
– Initiates reflective emotional behavior
• Cingulate gyrus
– Functions as an integral part of the limbic system, which is involved
with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory
– Also, executive control needed to suppress inappropriate
unconscious priming is known to involve the anterior cingulate
gyrus
Previous experiences that influence behavior
Reticular
Activating
System
The activity of this system is crucial for maintaining the state of
consciousness.
It is situated at the core of the brain stem between the
(medulla oblongata) and (midbrain).
It is involved with the circadian rhythm; damage can lead to permanent
coma.
It is thought to be the area affected by many psychotropic drugs.
General anesthetics work through their effect on the reticular formation.
experience. The reticular activating system controls our sexual drive
• Your Brain’s Time Clock
– Circadian Rhythms
• 24hr solar-lunar cyclesregulated by the hypothalamus,
influenced by solar exposuresmelatoning is secreted
when sun goes down
– Seven Day Cycle
• Blood pressure, pulse rate, neurotransmitter
levelsinfluence memory, accident rate, immunology,
physical growth and reaction time
– Bio-cognitive Cycles
• Physical strength and temperature are high in the pm
– Mood Cycles
• Every two hours hormones are released in our
bloodstream = impacts on learning
– Ninety minutes Hi/Low Cycles
• Sixteen ninety-minutes cycles/24 hr. period, including
light and deep sleep rhythms
• Another way to see it….
– Evolution of brain stem and cerebellum (500m
years ago)reptile brain
– Mammalsthalamus, hyppocampus and
amygdala = limbic systemcapacity for
learning, memory and emotional response
– Survival needsdevelopment of a large
cerebrum covered by folded and multilayered
cortex
– Now, progressive evolutionary
development = the human brain
Grey matterneurons—>6 layers
White mattermyelin that coats
axons
Corpus CallosumconnectionR/L brain
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
• What are the functions of the neurons?
– They receive, integrate and transmit electrochemical
signals that produce body movement and mental
activity
• Dendrite input fibers receive neurotransmitters
• Information receive triggers electric energy to be interpreted
in the cell body
– Inhibitory inputcell rests
– Excitatory inputaction potential from the interaction of positive
and negative charges ions of sodium, potassium, calcium and
chloride across cell membrane
• Axon conducts this electrical input to release
neurotransmitters stored in sacs in its terminal ports
• Synapse floats these neurotransmitters to the dendrites from
another neurons
Synapse
100 billion
neurons
30,000
neurons in
head of pin
Glial cells provide the physical
structure for the movement and
organization in the brain
Myelin shields covers the axons
while protecting and enhancing the
communication between neurons a
Neurotransmitters
•Are the chemical agents that relay the communication
•Majority are amino acids
Epinephrinecommunication of stress response throughout the body
Norepinephrinearousal of alertness and fight or flight
Dopaminebody movement and positive moods or pleasure
Seratoninrelaxation and the regulation of mood and sleep (depression)
Acetylcholinemuscular movement and memory formation
•Neuropeptides are also neurotransmitters
•Produced in other parts of the body
Gut instinct
Endorphinsnatural opiates
Local
Blood
Flow
• Maintaining the System
– Brain consumes 20% of the energy
8-10 glasses/day
Avoid :
Sugar, alcohol,
caffeine, fast foods,
Additives, & drugs