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Nervous System Parts of the Nervous System • Brain • Spinal Cord • Nerves Vocabulary to Know • Homeostasis –The regulation of steady, lifemaintaining conditions inside an organism, despite changes in its environment Function • This system works to pass electrical messages from sensory nerves to the brain. • The brain interprets the message then sends a response to motor neurons. The Neuron • Neurons –Basic functioning units of the nervous system http://ilearn.senecac.on.ca/aahs/health/IHP/ottawa/anatomy/neuron/map/neuron.html Under the microscope… http://35.9.122.184/images/40-AnimalStructureAndFunction/ Neurons • Made up of a (1)cell body and branches called (2)dendrites and (3)axons – Dendrites receive messages from other neurons and send them to the cell body – Axons carry messages away from the cell body Draw the neuron in your notes. Be sure to label parts! Any message carried by a neuron is called an impulse Neurons An electrical message carried by a neuron is called an impulse Types of Neurons • Sensory • Motor • Interneuron Sensory Neurons • Receive information • Send impulses to the brain or spinal cord Interneurons • Send impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons Motor Neurons • Conduct impulses from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands throughout your body Synapse • Small space across which an impulse moves from an axon to the dendrites or cell body of another neuron Synapse • An impulse reaches the end of an axon • Axon releases a chemical • Flows across the synapse (space) • Stimulates the impulse in the dendrite of the next neuron • Impulse moves from neuron neuron http://www.med.harvard.edu/publications/On_The_Brain/Volume7/Number1/images/Neuron.jpg Two Parts • Central (CNS) • Peripheral (PNS) http://inside.salve.edu/walsh/cns_pns.jpg Central Nervous System • Brain • Spinal cord The Brain • Coordinates body activities • Made up of approximately 100 billion neurons Cerebrum • • • • • Largest part of the brain Thinking Memory is stored Movements are controlled Impulses from the senses are interpreted. Cerebellum • Interprets stimuli from eyes, ears, muscles • Controls voluntary muscle movements • Maintains muscle tone • Helps maintain balance Brain Stem • Connects brain to spinal cord http://www.cbituk.org/GRAPHICS/brain.gif The Spinal Cord • Extension of the brain stem • Bundles of neurons that carry impulses from all parts of the body to the brain and from the brain to all parts of your body The Peripheral Nervous System Your brain and spinal Somatic cord are and connected Autonomic to the rest Systems of your The body by peripheral the nervous peripheral system has nervous two major system. divisions. The PNS is made up somatic of 12 pairs system of nerves controls from your voluntary brain It actions. called is made up cranial of the nerves, and cranial and 31 spinal pairs from nerves that your go from spinal the cord called central spinal nervous nerves. to system Spinal your nerves are skeletal made up of muscles. bundles of The sensory autonomic and motor system neurons controls bound involuntary together by actionsconnective those not tissue. For under this conscious Research reason, controla Visit the single such as Glencoe spinal your heart Science nerve rate, can Web site at have breathing, tx.science. impulses digestion, glencoe.co going and to m forfrom and glandular more information the functions. brain at about the These same the two nervous time. divisions, Some system. nerves along with Make contain the central a brochure only nervous outlining sensory system, recentup neurons, make medical and your some advances. contain body's only motor nervous neurons, system. but most nerves contain both types of neurons. Peripheral Nervous System • Connects body to brain & spinal cord • 12 pairs of nerves from your brain (cranial nerves) • 31 pairs from your spinal cord (spinal nerves) – Bundles of sensory and motor neurons held together by connective tissue http://www.christopherreeve.org/Research/Research.cfm?ID=178&c=21 Peripheral Nervous System • Two divisions – Somatic – Autonomic http://abdellab.sunderland.ac.uk/lectures/Parmacology/Pics/anatomy/PNS.GIF Somatic Nervous System • Controls voluntary actions • Made up of the cranial and spinal nerves that go from the central nervous system to your skeletal muscles Autonomic Nervous System • Controls involuntary actions-those not under conscious control-such as your heart rate, breathing, digestion, and glandular functions http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/autonomic.gif Reflexes • Involuntary, automatic response to a stimulus • Involves a simple nerve pathway called a reflex arc FIGHT OR FLIGHT… • This theory states that animals react to threats with a general impulse of the nervous system, priming the animal for fighting or fleeing. • Physical Response: Increased heart rate, sweaty palms, nostrils open up and breathing speeding up, dilated pupils, constricted blood flow. • FYIMales are more likely to respond to an emergency situation with aggression (fight), while females are more likely to flee (flight), turn to others for help, or attempt to defuse the situation