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Neuroscience Neurons and Neurotransmitters Biology in Psychology Biological Psychology branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists The Neuron Neuron a nerve cell the basic building block of the nervous system Parts of a Neuron Cell Body (Soma): Life support center of the neuron. Houses the nucleus and other major cell parts. Dendrites: Branching extensions at the cell body. Receive messages from other neurons. Axon: Long single extension of a neuron, covered with myelin [MY-uh-lin] sheath to insulate and speed up messages through neurons. Terminal Branches of axon: Branched endings of an axon that transmit messages to other neurons. 4 The Neuron Action Potential and Threshold Action Potential: A neural impulse. A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon and is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane. Threshold: The level of stimulation required to trigger the action potential 6 Depolarization & Hyperpolarization Depolarization: Depolarization occurs when positive ions enter the neuron, making it more prone to firing an action potential. Hyperpolarization occurs when negative ions enter the neuron, making it less prone to firing an action potential. 8 Refractory Period & Pumps Refractory Period: After a neuron fires an action potential it pauses for a short period to recharge itself to fire again. Sodium-Potassium Pumps: Sodium-potassium pumps pump positive ions out from the inside of the neuron, making them ready for another action potential. 9 Action Potential Properties All-or-None Response: When the depolarizing current exceeds the threshold, a neuron will fire. If the depolarizing current fails to exceed the threshold, a neuron will not fire. Intensity of an action potential remains the same throughout the length of the axon. 10 Neural Communication Synapse [SIN-aps] junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft Neurotransmitters chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons when released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether it will generate a neural impulse Neural Communication Neural Communication Serotonin Pathways Dopamine Pathways Neural Communication Acetylcholine [ah-seat-el-KO-leen] a neurotransmitter that, among its functions, triggers muscle contraction Endorphins [en-DOR-fins] “morphine within” natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure Neural Communication Neurotransmitter molecule Receptor site on receiving neuron Receiving cell membrane Agonist mimics Like Morphin neurotransmitter Antagonist blocks Like curare neurotransmitter Blood-Brain Barrier • Barrier that separates blood and the brain and central nervous system. • Prevents toxic stuff from entering brain • Makes it hard to treat chemical imbalances in the brain