Download Biology and Behavior

Ch. 3 Biology and Psychology
The Brain,
Neural, and Hormonal Systems
PsychologyToday.com Article:
“Why Don’t Women Leave Batterers”
History of Psychological Disorders
How different
are the views
of the origin or
causes of
mental illness
today?
Science v. Faith
• House episode: Body & Soul
Behavioral Genetics
• Examines the role of genetics in behavior
Neuro-Biological
Psych
 Biological Psychology
 branch of psychology
concerned with the links
between biology and
behavior
 Evolutionary Psychology
 branch of psychology concerned with ways that
adaptation and natural selection are connected with
mental processes and behavior
Neurons :
The cells of the
nervous system
Communicative cells:
1. Sensory: receive signals from
outside nervous system
2. Motor: transmit signals to
muscles
3. Interneurons: communicate
with each other
Structure of a Neuron
Unit 1 Test Help (due Mon.
9/22/14)
Must be AT LEAST 5
sentences
(handwritten)
1.Describe the key
3. If a researcher wanted to find the
characteristics of humanism,
correlation between # of hours spent
psychodynamic and
on the phone & couple’s level of
behaviorism and why
intimacy, what would it mean if the
humanism was so different
coefficient was a -0.4 and a +.8.
from the other 2 schools.
Explain the results for both.
2. Explain the difference
4. A researcher wants to find out if
between pure research and
student exams scores are higher when
applied research and give an
they drink energy drinks. A) How can
example of each.
he set up this experiment and what
would be the
B) Hypothesis C) Independent variable
D) Dependent variable E) Control
group & F) Experimental group?
"You/They act that way because...." - 20 points
(article post due Sun. 9/21/14)
Engrade.com Discussion forum
• Part 1 Directions: Post a link to an online article
from a credible source (e.g., psychologytoday.com,
apa.org, psychology.org/links/Resources/News/,
etc.) that describes how the brain and body’s
biological processes affect human behavior. Provide
a brief summary of the article (~3 sentences) and
pose 1 or 2 questions regarding your article to your
peers.
"You/They act that way because...." - 20 points
(article response due Wed. 9/24/14)
• Part 2 Directions: Read 2 of your classmate's
articles an write a response describing how
their article relates to the information you
read in chapter 3 & 4 and how does the
information apply to your life and/or others.
(Your 2 responses should be at least 2
complete sentences for each) Due Wed,
9/24/2014 @11:45 pm
Email me at [email protected] if you have
any questions.
Neural Communication
 Dendrite
 the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive
messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
 Axon
 the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal
fibers, through which messages are sent to other neurons
or to muscles or glands
 Myelin [MY-uh-lin] Sheath
 a layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the fibers of
many neurons
 enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural
impulses
Neural Communication
 Synapse [SIN-aps]
 junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and
the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
 tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft
 Neurotransmitters
 chemical messengers released into synaptic gaps between
neurons
 bind to receptor sites of the receiving neuron,
 Influences whether neurons fire or not
Unit 1 Test Pt. 2 (due Mon.
9/19/14)
Must be AT LEAST 5
sentences
(handwritten)
1.Describe the key
4. If a researcher wanted to find the
characteristics of humanism,
correlation between # of hours spent
psychodynamic and
on the phone & couple’s level of
behaviorism and why
intimacy, what would it mean if the
humanism was so different
coefficient was a -0.4 and a +.8.
from the other 2 schools.
Explain the results for both.
2. Explain the difference
5. A researcher wants to find out if
between pure research and
student exams scores are higher when
applied research and give an
they drink energy drinks. A) How can
example of each.
he set up this experiment and what
would be the
3. Describe the contributions of
Kenneth and Mamie B. Clark
B) Hypothesis C) Independent variable
to the field of psychology.
D) Dependent variable E) Control
group & F) Experimental group?
Structure of a Neuron
Action Potential
Communication within Neuron
(electrical)
Communication between Neurons
(chemical)
• Axon terminals release
neurotransmitter
• Neurotransmitter enters
synaptic gap
• Neurotransmitter binds to
receptor site that it fits
• Reuptake: surplus
neurotransmitter
reabsorbed by sending
neuron
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals which influence receiving neuron.
• Excitatory effect:
– Neurotransmitter
influences receiving
cell causing it to fire.
• Inhibitory effect:
– Neurotransmitter
influences receiving
cell; preventing
firing.
Neurotransmitters
• More than 40 known
types
• Different
neurotransmitters
have different effects
• Drugs, neural
diseases often affect
neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine: learning, memory, muscle
movement (Alzheimer’s)
Serotonin: mood and food intake
(depression)
Dopamine: movement and to frontal lobe
activity (Schizophrenia & Parkinson’s)
Norepinephrine: alertness & wakefulness
Endorphins: regulate firing of pain
neurons
The Nervous System
 Nervous System
 the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication
system
 consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and
central nervous systems
 Central Nervous System (CNS)
 the brain and spinal cord
 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
 the sensory and motor neurons that connect the
central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the
body
The Nervous System
Nervous
system
Central
(brain and
spinal cord)
Peripheral
Autonomic (controls
self-regulated action of
internal organs and glands)
Skeletal (controls
voluntary movements of
skeletal muscles)
Sympathetic
(arousing)
Parasympathetic
(calming)
The Nervous System
 Nerves
 neural “cables” containing many axons
 part of the peripheral nervous system
 connect the central nervous system with muscles,
glands, and sense organs
 Afferent (Sensory) Neurons
 carries messages from the sensory receptors to the
brain & spinal (CNS)
 Efferent (Motor) Neurons
 carries messages from the brain & spinal cord to
muscles & glands
The Nervous System
 Interneurons
 CNS neurons that internally communicate and
intervene between the sensory inputs and motor
outputs
 Efferent (Motor) Neurons
 carry outgoing information from the CNS to
muscles and glands
 Somatic Nervous System
 the division of the peripheral nervous system that
controls the body’s skeletal muscles
The Nervous System
 Spinal Reflex
 a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus
Brain
Sensory neuron
(incoming information)
Muscle
Skin
receptors
Motor neuron
(outgoing
information)
Interneuron
Spinal cord
How it all works
A stimulus makes the
nerve cell fire off a
message called a
response. Your skin
has millions of sensory
neurons.
sensory area
When your finger touches
something hot, signals
from touch sensors in
your skin travel along
sensory nerves at speeds
of up to 400 feet per
second.
sensory nerve
Motor Nerve
In a split second, the
signals reach relay nerves
in your spinal cord and
then transfer to other
nerves that go to your
brain
which “feels” the touch.
Neuron Review
1.The 4 major parts of the neuron are ____, ____, ____, _____.
(list in order that the neuron receives the message)
2. Inside the neuron is a _____ charge, until an action potential
occurs, making the charge _____.
3. Neurons can have excitatory and _____ effects on each other
causing an action potential to occur or not occur.
4. The communication within a neuron is ________; whereas
communication between neurons are _______.
5. Which psychological disorders are associated with the
following neurotransmitters: a) serotonin? b) dopamine? c)
acetylcholine?
The Nervous System
 Autonomic Nervous System
 the part of the peripheral nervous system that
controls the glands and the muscles of the internal
organs (such as the heart)
 Sympathetic Nervous System
 division of the autonomic nervous system that
arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful
situations
 Parasympathetic Nervous System
 division of the autonomic nervous system that
calms the body, conserving its energy
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
Level of the Nervous System
• Central Nervous System
– Brain
• Forebrain
– Limbic system
– Thalamus
– Hypothalamus
– Cerebral Cortex
• Midbrain
– Reticular formation
• Hindbrain
– Medulla
– Pons
– Cerebellum
• Peripheral
Nervous System
– Somatic
– Autonomic
• Sympathetic
• Parasympathetic
Discovering
Psychology:
“Behaving Brain”
Video
• Hindbrain: where the spinal cord meets the brain.
Contains three structures:
– Medulla:
•
Regulates vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and
respiration.
– Pons:
•
Transmits information about body movements and is involved in
functions related to attention, sleep/alertness and respiration.
– Cerebellum:
•
Involved in maintaining balance and controlling motor behavior.
• Midbrain
– Reticular Formation – controls level of arousal,
awareness, sleep, & attention
• Sudden noises affect RAS, waking individual
• Filters out some noises and accentuates others.
• Forebrain
– Limbic System – control and direction of
emotional behavior
– Hypothalamus – arousal, food and water intake,
sexual behavior
– Thalamus – relays incoming information to the
cerebral cortex
Lobes of the Brain (4)
•
•
•
•
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/18.tif.jpg
Lobes of the Brain - Frontal
• The Frontal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the
Frontal Bone of the skull.
• It plays an integral role in the following
functions/actions:
- Memory Formation
- Emotions
- Decision Making/Reasoning
- Personality
(Investigation:(Phineas
Phineas Gage)
Investigation
Gage)
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
• Cerebral Cortex
– Occipital Lobe: Vision
– Parietal Lobe: body senses
• Somatosensory cortex
– Temporal Lobe: Hearing, some vision and emotion
– Frontal Lobe: decision making, primary motor
cortex
Frontal Lobe - Cortical Regions
• Broca’s Area
– Controls
facial neurons,
speech, and
language
comprehension.
Located on Left
Frontal Lobe.
• Primary
Motor
Cortexinvolved
with
controlling
movemen
ts of the
body.
– Broca’s Aphasia – Results in the ability to comprehend
speech, but the decreased motor ability (or inability) to
speak and form words.
Investigation (Phineas Gage)
Primary Motor
Cortex/ Precentral
Gyrus
Broca’s Area
Orbitofrontal
Cortex
Olfactory Bulb
Regions
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Lobes of the Brain - Parietal Lobe
• The Parietal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the
Parietal Bone of the skull.
• It plays a major role in the following
functions/actions:
- Senses and integrates sensation(s)
- Spatial awareness and perception
(Proprioception - Awareness of
body/ body parts in space and
in relation to each other)
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Lobes of the Brain – Occipital Lobe
• The Occipital Lobe of the Brain
is located deep to the Occipital
Bone of the Skull.
Its primary function is the
processing, integration,
interpretation, etc. of VISION
and visual stimuli.
•
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/18.tif.jpg
Lobes of the Brain – Temporal Lobe
• The Temporal Lobes are located on the sides of the
brain, deep to the Temporal Bones of the skull.
• They
play an integral role
in the following functions:
- Hearing
- Organization/Comprehension of
language
- Information
Retrieval (Memory and
Memory Formation)
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/18.tif.jpg
Temporal Lobe – Cortical Regions
• Wernicke’s Area – Language comprehension.
Located on the Left Temporal Lobe.
- Wernicke’s Aphasia – Language comprehension
is inhibited. Words and sentences are not clearly
understood, and sentence formation may be
inhibited or non-sensical.
Primary Auditory
Cortex
Wernike’s Area
Primary Olfactory
Cortex (Deep)
Conducted from Olfactory
Bulb
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Regions
Brain Function review
• Central Nervous System
– Brain
• Forebrain
– Cerebral Cortex
» Frontal lobe
» Parietal lobe
» Temporal lobe
» Occipital lobe
• Midbrain
– Reticular formation
• Hindbrain
– Medulla
– Pons
– Cerebellum
• Neurotransmitters:
acetylcholine, dopamine,
serotonin, norepinephrine
Hemispheric specialization
Hemispheric specialization
Hemispheric specialization
• Right side
Test of Split
Brain
Patient
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• made up of endocrine
glands that produce
hormones (chemical
substances released into
the bloodstream to guide
such processes as
metabolism, growth, and
sexual development)
– Hormones are also
involved in regulating
emotional life.
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• The Thyroid Gland
– secretes thyroxin, a hormone that reduces concentration and leads to
irritability when overactive; causes drowsiness and sluggish metabolism
when underactive.
– the parathyroids (within the thyroid)
• secrete parathormone to control and balance the levels of calcium
and phosphate in the blood and tissue fluids.
– affects the excitability of the nervous system.
• The Pineal Gland
– pea-sized gland that responds to exposure to light and
regulates activity levels over the course of the day.
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• The Pancreas (between the stomach and the small intestine)
– controls the level of sugar in the blood by secreting insulin
and glucagon.
The Adrenal Glands
– influence the body's
responses to stress
– the autonomic nervous
system stimulates the gland to secrete hormones such
as epinephrine into the bloodstream
• The Gonads
– reproductive glands—the testes in males/the ovaries in
females & the adrenal glands—secrete androgens (including
testosterone) and estrogens.