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Ch. 3 Biology and Psychology The Brain, Neural, and Hormonal Systems PsychologyToday.com Article: “Why Don’t Women Leave Batterers” History of Psychological Disorders How different are the views of the origin or causes of mental illness today? Science v. Faith • House episode: Body & Soul Behavioral Genetics • Examines the role of genetics in behavior Neuro-Biological Psych Biological Psychology branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior Evolutionary Psychology branch of psychology concerned with ways that adaptation and natural selection are connected with mental processes and behavior Neurons : The cells of the nervous system Communicative cells: 1. Sensory: receive signals from outside nervous system 2. Motor: transmit signals to muscles 3. Interneurons: communicate with each other Structure of a Neuron Unit 1 Test Help (due Mon. 9/22/14) Must be AT LEAST 5 sentences (handwritten) 1.Describe the key 3. If a researcher wanted to find the characteristics of humanism, correlation between # of hours spent psychodynamic and on the phone & couple’s level of behaviorism and why intimacy, what would it mean if the humanism was so different coefficient was a -0.4 and a +.8. from the other 2 schools. Explain the results for both. 2. Explain the difference 4. A researcher wants to find out if between pure research and student exams scores are higher when applied research and give an they drink energy drinks. A) How can example of each. he set up this experiment and what would be the B) Hypothesis C) Independent variable D) Dependent variable E) Control group & F) Experimental group? "You/They act that way because...." - 20 points (article post due Sun. 9/21/14) Engrade.com Discussion forum • Part 1 Directions: Post a link to an online article from a credible source (e.g., psychologytoday.com, apa.org, psychology.org/links/Resources/News/, etc.) that describes how the brain and body’s biological processes affect human behavior. Provide a brief summary of the article (~3 sentences) and pose 1 or 2 questions regarding your article to your peers. "You/They act that way because...." - 20 points (article response due Wed. 9/24/14) • Part 2 Directions: Read 2 of your classmate's articles an write a response describing how their article relates to the information you read in chapter 3 & 4 and how does the information apply to your life and/or others. (Your 2 responses should be at least 2 complete sentences for each) Due Wed, 9/24/2014 @11:45 pm Email me at [email protected] if you have any questions. Neural Communication Dendrite the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body Axon the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands Myelin [MY-uh-lin] Sheath a layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses Neural Communication Synapse [SIN-aps] junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft Neurotransmitters chemical messengers released into synaptic gaps between neurons bind to receptor sites of the receiving neuron, Influences whether neurons fire or not Unit 1 Test Pt. 2 (due Mon. 9/19/14) Must be AT LEAST 5 sentences (handwritten) 1.Describe the key 4. If a researcher wanted to find the characteristics of humanism, correlation between # of hours spent psychodynamic and on the phone & couple’s level of behaviorism and why intimacy, what would it mean if the humanism was so different coefficient was a -0.4 and a +.8. from the other 2 schools. Explain the results for both. 2. Explain the difference 5. A researcher wants to find out if between pure research and student exams scores are higher when applied research and give an they drink energy drinks. A) How can example of each. he set up this experiment and what would be the 3. Describe the contributions of Kenneth and Mamie B. Clark B) Hypothesis C) Independent variable to the field of psychology. D) Dependent variable E) Control group & F) Experimental group? Structure of a Neuron Action Potential Communication within Neuron (electrical) Communication between Neurons (chemical) • Axon terminals release neurotransmitter • Neurotransmitter enters synaptic gap • Neurotransmitter binds to receptor site that it fits • Reuptake: surplus neurotransmitter reabsorbed by sending neuron Neurotransmitters Chemicals which influence receiving neuron. • Excitatory effect: – Neurotransmitter influences receiving cell causing it to fire. • Inhibitory effect: – Neurotransmitter influences receiving cell; preventing firing. Neurotransmitters • More than 40 known types • Different neurotransmitters have different effects • Drugs, neural diseases often affect neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine: learning, memory, muscle movement (Alzheimer’s) Serotonin: mood and food intake (depression) Dopamine: movement and to frontal lobe activity (Schizophrenia & Parkinson’s) Norepinephrine: alertness & wakefulness Endorphins: regulate firing of pain neurons The Nervous System Nervous System the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems Central Nervous System (CNS) the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body The Nervous System Nervous system Central (brain and spinal cord) Peripheral Autonomic (controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands) Skeletal (controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles) Sympathetic (arousing) Parasympathetic (calming) The Nervous System Nerves neural “cables” containing many axons part of the peripheral nervous system connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs Afferent (Sensory) Neurons carries messages from the sensory receptors to the brain & spinal (CNS) Efferent (Motor) Neurons carries messages from the brain & spinal cord to muscles & glands The Nervous System Interneurons CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs Efferent (Motor) Neurons carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands Somatic Nervous System the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles The Nervous System Spinal Reflex a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus Brain Sensory neuron (incoming information) Muscle Skin receptors Motor neuron (outgoing information) Interneuron Spinal cord How it all works A stimulus makes the nerve cell fire off a message called a response. Your skin has millions of sensory neurons. sensory area When your finger touches something hot, signals from touch sensors in your skin travel along sensory nerves at speeds of up to 400 feet per second. sensory nerve Motor Nerve In a split second, the signals reach relay nerves in your spinal cord and then transfer to other nerves that go to your brain which “feels” the touch. Neuron Review 1.The 4 major parts of the neuron are ____, ____, ____, _____. (list in order that the neuron receives the message) 2. Inside the neuron is a _____ charge, until an action potential occurs, making the charge _____. 3. Neurons can have excitatory and _____ effects on each other causing an action potential to occur or not occur. 4. The communication within a neuron is ________; whereas communication between neurons are _______. 5. Which psychological disorders are associated with the following neurotransmitters: a) serotonin? b) dopamine? c) acetylcholine? The Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart) Sympathetic Nervous System division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations Parasympathetic Nervous System division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy The Nervous System The Nervous System Level of the Nervous System • Central Nervous System – Brain • Forebrain – Limbic system – Thalamus – Hypothalamus – Cerebral Cortex • Midbrain – Reticular formation • Hindbrain – Medulla – Pons – Cerebellum • Peripheral Nervous System – Somatic – Autonomic • Sympathetic • Parasympathetic Discovering Psychology: “Behaving Brain” Video • Hindbrain: where the spinal cord meets the brain. Contains three structures: – Medulla: • Regulates vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. – Pons: • Transmits information about body movements and is involved in functions related to attention, sleep/alertness and respiration. – Cerebellum: • Involved in maintaining balance and controlling motor behavior. • Midbrain – Reticular Formation – controls level of arousal, awareness, sleep, & attention • Sudden noises affect RAS, waking individual • Filters out some noises and accentuates others. • Forebrain – Limbic System – control and direction of emotional behavior – Hypothalamus – arousal, food and water intake, sexual behavior – Thalamus – relays incoming information to the cerebral cortex Lobes of the Brain (4) • • • • Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/18.tif.jpg Lobes of the Brain - Frontal • The Frontal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Frontal Bone of the skull. • It plays an integral role in the following functions/actions: - Memory Formation - Emotions - Decision Making/Reasoning - Personality (Investigation:(Phineas Phineas Gage) Investigation Gage) Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg • Cerebral Cortex – Occipital Lobe: Vision – Parietal Lobe: body senses • Somatosensory cortex – Temporal Lobe: Hearing, some vision and emotion – Frontal Lobe: decision making, primary motor cortex Frontal Lobe - Cortical Regions • Broca’s Area – Controls facial neurons, speech, and language comprehension. Located on Left Frontal Lobe. • Primary Motor Cortexinvolved with controlling movemen ts of the body. – Broca’s Aphasia – Results in the ability to comprehend speech, but the decreased motor ability (or inability) to speak and form words. Investigation (Phineas Gage) Primary Motor Cortex/ Precentral Gyrus Broca’s Area Orbitofrontal Cortex Olfactory Bulb Regions Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg Lobes of the Brain - Parietal Lobe • The Parietal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Parietal Bone of the skull. • It plays a major role in the following functions/actions: - Senses and integrates sensation(s) - Spatial awareness and perception (Proprioception - Awareness of body/ body parts in space and in relation to each other) Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg Lobes of the Brain – Occipital Lobe • The Occipital Lobe of the Brain is located deep to the Occipital Bone of the Skull. Its primary function is the processing, integration, interpretation, etc. of VISION and visual stimuli. • Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/18.tif.jpg Lobes of the Brain – Temporal Lobe • The Temporal Lobes are located on the sides of the brain, deep to the Temporal Bones of the skull. • They play an integral role in the following functions: - Hearing - Organization/Comprehension of language - Information Retrieval (Memory and Memory Formation) Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/18.tif.jpg Temporal Lobe – Cortical Regions • Wernicke’s Area – Language comprehension. Located on the Left Temporal Lobe. - Wernicke’s Aphasia – Language comprehension is inhibited. Words and sentences are not clearly understood, and sentence formation may be inhibited or non-sensical. Primary Auditory Cortex Wernike’s Area Primary Olfactory Cortex (Deep) Conducted from Olfactory Bulb Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg Regions Brain Function review • Central Nervous System – Brain • Forebrain – Cerebral Cortex » Frontal lobe » Parietal lobe » Temporal lobe » Occipital lobe • Midbrain – Reticular formation • Hindbrain – Medulla – Pons – Cerebellum • Neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine Hemispheric specialization Hemispheric specialization Hemispheric specialization • Right side Test of Split Brain Patient THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • made up of endocrine glands that produce hormones (chemical substances released into the bloodstream to guide such processes as metabolism, growth, and sexual development) – Hormones are also involved in regulating emotional life. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • The Thyroid Gland – secretes thyroxin, a hormone that reduces concentration and leads to irritability when overactive; causes drowsiness and sluggish metabolism when underactive. – the parathyroids (within the thyroid) • secrete parathormone to control and balance the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood and tissue fluids. – affects the excitability of the nervous system. • The Pineal Gland – pea-sized gland that responds to exposure to light and regulates activity levels over the course of the day. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • The Pancreas (between the stomach and the small intestine) – controls the level of sugar in the blood by secreting insulin and glucagon. The Adrenal Glands – influence the body's responses to stress – the autonomic nervous system stimulates the gland to secrete hormones such as epinephrine into the bloodstream • The Gonads – reproductive glands—the testes in males/the ovaries in females & the adrenal glands—secrete androgens (including testosterone) and estrogens.