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Chapter 3 Section 1 The Nervous System - Regulates our internal functions and is involved in how we react to the external world Two main parts: 1. central nervous system- consists of brain and spinal cord 2. peripheral nervous system- made up of nerve cells that send messages between the central nervous system and all the other parts of the body neurons- nerve cells that run through our entire bodies and communicate with each other Components of Neurons: 1. cell body- produces energy to fuel cell activity 2. dendrites- thin fibers that branch out to receive info. and pass through the cell body 3. axon- carries messages away from the cell myelin- white fatty substance that insulates and protects the axon axon terminals- smaller fibers that branch out at the end of the axon The Communication Process: - Messages are sent from axon terminals of one neuron to the dendrites of other neurons synapse-a junction between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of another where messages must cross to be transmitted Where does the message go? sensory neurons- nerve cells that carry information received by the senses to the central nervous system motor neurons- nerve cells that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles and the glands and influence their functioning Occasionally something happens to disrupt the message-sending process Examples: car accident, sports injury in which the soft tissue of the brain hits against the skull * Guided Practice Activity Neurotransmitters: Chemical Messengers: ∙Allow messages across synapses by releasing chemicals that are stored in sacs in the axon terminals; Ex.- release like spray bottle ∙Each transmitter fits into a receptor and is converted to an electric impulse acetylcholine- neurotransmitter that controls muscles dopamine- neurotransmitter used in motor behavior ∙deficiency of dopamine plays a role in Parkinson’s disease The Central Nervous System (CNS) -Consists of neurons of the spinal cord and the brain spinal cord- column of nerves that transmits messages between the brain and the muscles and glands ∙Many of our reflexive actions come without thought through our spinal cords The Peripheral Nervous System -Lies outside the central nervous system -Transmits messages between the C.N. S. and all other parts of the body Two divisions: 1. Somatic Nervous System-transmits sensory messages to the C.N.S. - alerts body to changes in position and things like hot/cold 2. Autonomic Nervous System-regulates the body’s vital functions such as heartbeat, breathing, digestion and blood pressure A) sympathetic (stress)- activated in action: “fight or flight”, suppressed digestion B) parasympathetic (peace)- restored the body’s reserve of energy after an action has occurred Chapter 3 Section 2 The Brain: Our Control Center Parts of the Brain (Divided into 3 sections) 1. Hindbrain-lower portion involved in vital functions such as heart rate, respiration, and balance 2. Midbrain-involved in vision and hearing 3. Forebrain-front of the brain involved in complex functions such as thought and emotions The Hindbrain medulla- involved with heart rate, blood pressure and breathing pons- located in front of the medulla and regulates body movement, attention, sleep, and alertness cerebellum- rests under the cerebrum and is small, involved in balance and coordination The Midbrain ∙Located between hindbrain and forebrain, which is involved in vision and hearing ∙Contains part of the reticular activating system, which is important for attention, sleep, and arousal - stimulation of this makes us alert - drugs such as alcohol reduce the activity of the reticular activating system * Applying Information: write what wakes you and how you respond The Forebrain - This allows us to engage in complex thinking Four key areas of the Forebrain 1. Thalamus- “inner chamber”, critical structure that serves as relay station for sensory stimulation 2. Hypothalamus- extremely important to behavior and physiological aspects Also vital for regulation of body temperature, storage of nutrients and motivation/emotion 3. Limbic System- works with learning and memory, emotion, hunger, sex and aggression. If it is damaged, a person can recall old memories but can’t form new ones (50 First Dates) 4. Cerebrum- the part that thinks; it is uniquely human & accounts for 70% of brain weight cerebral cortex-outer layer of the brain, which deals with memory, language, emotions, complex motor functions and perception The Cerebral Cortex: What Makes Us Unique corpus callosum- the structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain -This also aids in getting information from one side of the brain to the other Each hemisphere has four lobes: 1) frontal- motor cortex, body movement 2) parietal-sensory cortex, skin senses 3) temporal- hearing 4) occipital- sight Association Areas ∙ “executive center” because this shapes information into meaningful things ∙ where we solve problems and make plans and decisions Language Abilities -Most people have language functions in left hemisphere of brain Two Key Areas 1. Wernick’s area- located in temporal lobe, which pieces together sight and sound 2. Broca’s area- located in frontal lobe, which controls areas of face used for speaking Left vs. Right Hemisphere - “left-brained”: same hemisphere has language, logic, problem-solving and mathematical computations - “right-brained”: other hemisphere concerned with imagination, art, feelings, and spatial relations - hemispheres still work together Methods of Studying the Brain Accidents- study how the brain is connected to psychological functions Electrical Stimulation of the brain- Jose Delgado used electrical stimulation of the brain to show how a bull would change its behavioral patterns. James Olds and Peter Milner used rats to push levers, which sent electrodes into hypothalamus stimulating pleasure. Electroencephalogram (EEG) - device that records the electrical activity of the brain - uses electrodes to detect brain waves Scans New techniques for examining the brain: 1. CAT (computerized axial tomography)- creates 3-dimensional view of the brain using radiation 2. MRI (magnetic resonance imagining)- lie in magnetic field and radio waves cause parts of the brain to give off extra energy 3. PET (positron emission tomography)- shows the activity of the brain rather than just a snapshot by injecting radioactive sugar into the brain Chapter 3 Section 3: The Endocrine System - Consists of glands that secrete substances called hormones into the blood stream - hormones stimulate growth and reactions such as moods - hormones are produced in four different glands 1.Pituitary Gland - size of a pea, but VERY important- “master gland” - growth hormone regulates growth of muscles, bone and glands - some hormones affect females in pregnancy and mothering 2. The Thyroid Gland - produces thyroxin which affects body’s metabolism - too little thyroxin can result in hypothyroidism- overweight ∙ this in children is called cretinism: stunted growth and retardation 3. The Adrenal Gland - cortical steroids increase resistance to stress and promote muscle development - adrenaline and noradrenaline are present when stress occurs 4. The Testes and the Ovaries - produce testosterone, estrogen and progesterone - testosterone determines male sex in pregnancy ∙ primary sex characteristics- reproduction ∙ secondary sex characteristics- beards - estrogen fosters primary and secondary sex characteristics - estrogen and progesterone regulate menstrual cycle Chapter 4 Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background Heredity- the transmission of characteristic from parents to offspring -vital in traits such as height, hair texture, and eye color Genes and Chromosomes genes- basic building blocks of heredity -23 pairs of chromosomes 3rd chromosome on 21st pairs results in Down Syndrome Nature vs. Nurture Debate Nature- What people inherit Nurture- environment determines how we behave and think Kinship Studies -studies on relations -how much traits are influence by genetics ∙identical twins = 100% same genes ∙parent and full sibling = 50% same genes ∙aunts/uncles = 25% ∙1St cousins = 12.5% Twin Studies - Identical twins are more similar traits like shyness, where as fraternal twins are not as close Adoptee Studies - Studies that are done to look at how closely an individual is to a sibling according to how they were raised