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Chapter 3 Biology and Behavior I. Nervous System Nervous System: Involved in thinking, dreaming, feeling, moving and much more. Two Main Parts Central Nervous System: brain and spinal cord. Peripheral Nervous System: nerve cells that send messages between the central nervous system & all the parts of the body. II. Central Nervous System Extends from the brain down the back Responsible for spinal reflexes Example: touch a hot stove, message sent to spinal cord, message sent to hand to let go. II. Peripheral Nervous System Two Divisions: 1) Somatic: Transmits sensory messages to central nervous system. (activated by touch, pain, temp changes, etc) 2) Autonomic: Regulates the bodies vital functions (heartbeat, breathing, digestion, & blood pressure) Autonomic divides into two 1) Sympathetic: Activated during action (“fight or flight”) 2) Parasympathetic: restores the body’s reserves of energy after an action has occurred. (heart rate & blood pressure normalized, breathing is slowed, digestion returns to normal) Figure 2.2 A motor neuron III. Neurons: Tree like Structures Run through our entire body and communicate with each other Send & receive messages from other structures in the body (muscles & glands) More than 100 Billion neurons (mostly found in the brain) A. Cell Body Cell Body: produces energy that fuels the activity of the cell Can have many dendrites but usually only one axon B. Dendrites (Branches) Receive information from other neurons and pass the message through the cell body C. Axon (Trunk) Carries messages away D. Myelin Myelin: covers axon White fatty substance that insulates and protects the axon. Helps to speed up transmission of message. E. Axon Terminals Axon Terminals: Smaller branches at the end of the axon. F. Synapse Area between the axon terminal and another dendrite. New synapses can develop between neurons that were not previously connected, as when we learn something new. IV. Neurotransmitters: Chemicals Stored in sacs in the axon terminals When a neuron fires, it releases neurotransmitter sacs. Different chemicals cause different physical reactions Example: – Acetylcholine: involved in controlling our muscles – Dopamine: motor behavior: too much= Schizophrenia, too little = Parkinson’s disease. V. The Endocrine System Endocrine System: consists of glands that secrete substances, called hormones. Pituitary Gland: Pea sized “master gland” Growth: regulates the growth of muscles, bones, and other glands. Prolactin: stimulates milk production in women Oxytocin: stimulates labor in women Thyroid Gland Produces thyroxin: affects the body’s metabolism Adrenal Glands: located above the kidneys Cortical steroids: increase resistance to stress & promote muscle development Causes liver to release stored sugar, making energy available for emergencies Adrenaline & noradrenalin: helps to cope with stressful situations Testes & Ovaries: produces testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone Testosterone: Male sex hormone, but found in females in small amounts A. After 1st 8 weeks of development: influences the sex of a child B. Adolescence: aids in muscle & bone growth, primary & secondary sex characteristics. (Reproduction/body hair) Estrogen & Progesterone: female sex hormone, but found in males in small amounts A. Estrogen: primary and secondary sex characteristic (body hair & breast development) B. Progesterone: stimulates growth of female reproductive organs & helps prepare the body for pregnancy C. Estrogen & Progesterone: regulate menstrual cycle Higher levels of estrogen seem to be connected with optimal cognitive functioning & feeling of well-being among women. Brain Anatomy Frontal Lobe: Problem solving, attention, judgment, reflection, coordination of movement, sense of smell, muscle movements, physical reaction, libido. Occipital Lobe Vision, Reading Parietal Lobe: Sense of touch, response to internal stimuli, sensory combination and comprehension, some language & reading functions, some visual functions. Temporal Lobe: Auditory memories, some hearing, visual memories, some vision pathways, music, fear, some language, some speech, some behaviors & emotions, sense of identity. Cerebellum: Balance, posture, cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor centers Sensory Area: Legs, torso, head, arms, hands, fingers, face, lips, tongue Motor Area: Toes, knees, hips, shoulders, wrists, fingers, neck, eyes, jaw. Heredity: Our genetic background Heredity: the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring. **Can determine our behavior & physical appearance** Genes: the basic building blocks of heredity. **One gene is given by one parent, & one is given by the other parent. Chromosomes: made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ** Normal human cells contain 46 chromosomes. >23 from one parent, 23 from the other parent > 22 chromosomes are the same in males and females, the 23 is the sex chromosome ** Males=XY 23rd chromosome, Female= XX 23rd chromosome Nature-Nurture Debate Nature: genetics influences a person’s personality most **Biological groundwork that prepares a person to develop in certain ways Nurture: environment influences a person’s personality most. **Family, education, culture, living conditions, etc… Kinship Studies: helps to determine what role heredity & environment play ** Twins=100%,Parent/Child=50%, Brothers/Sisters=50%, Blood AuntsUncles/Niece-Nephews=25%, 1ST cousins= 12.5% **Studies certain traits or behavioral patterns in individuals and then compares them to those of relatives Example: twins & adoptee studies Twins: Identical Twins: share 100% of genes ** have same shyness & activity levels, irritability, sociability, & happiness ** more likely to share psychological disorders like autism & schizophrenia Fraternal Twins: share 50% of genes Twins Reared Apart: ** Many shared common psychological & personality traits like: intelligence, traditionalism, risk avoidance, aggression, and leadership. ** shared same mannerisms such as how they stand or sit.