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Neuroscience and Behavior
Neurons
Neurons are similar to other cells in the body because:
Neurons are surrounded by a cell membrane.
Neurons have a nucleus that contains genes.
Neurons contain cytoplasm, mitochondria and other organelles.
Neurons carry out basic cellular processes such as protein synthesis
and energy production.
However, neurons differ from other cells in the body because:
Neurons have specialized extensions called dendrites and axons.
Dendrites bring information to the cell body and axons take
information away from the cell body.
Neurons communicate with each other through an electrochemical
process.
Neurons contain some specialized structures (for example, synapses)
and chemicals (for example, neurotransmitters).
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Neurons
Take-away door prize: Build your own neuron!
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Electrical Signaling
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Action
potential
• All or
nothing
• myelin and
nodes of
Ranvier
• refractory
period
-
How fast is it?
• Hand holding (hands, ankles,
shoulders)
• Dollar bill demo
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Synaptic cleft (Synapse)
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Synapse
• electrical to
chemical
• 100+ trillion
synapses!!!
• More detail,
next slide
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Learning Assessment (Q #2)
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Electro-Chemical Signaling
-
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Electrical to
chemical
Terminal buttons
Neurotransmitters
Receptors
• key and lock
• reuptake
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Neurotransmitters
Many different types (60+):
amino acids, peptides, monoamines
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Neurotransmitters
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DVD clips (Moving images &/or
Discovery)
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Most drugs have their effects
by enhancing or interfering
with synaptic transmission
• agonist (e.g., cocaine, which
blocks reuptake of dopamine)
• antagonist (e.g., caffeine –
antagonist of adenosine
receptor. Adenosine has a
sedating effect)
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Organization of Nervous System
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Central Nervous System
Brain &
Spinal cord
• spinal reflexes
• sensory receptors
• interneurons
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Autonomic Nervous System
• complementary
systems
• SNS v PNS
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Endocrine system
The glands of the endocrine
system and the hormones they
release influence almost every
cell, organ, and function of our
bodies.
The endocrine system is
instrumental in regulating mood,
growth and development, tissue
function, and metabolism, as well
as sexual function and
reproductive processes.
Nervous + Endocrine
The hypothalamus, a collection of
specialized cells that is located in
the lower central part of the brain,
is the primary link between the
endocrine and nervous systems.
Nerve cells in the hypothalamus
control the pituitary gland by
producing chemicals that either
stimulate or suppress hormone
secretions from the pituitary.
3.4 Exploring the Brain – Major
Divisions
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Hindbrain
• Pons, medulla, and
reticular formation
(arousal, sleep, cv, rr,
relay for sensory info)
• cerebellum
(coordination of
movement)
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3.4 Exploring the Brain–—
Major Divisions
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Midbrain
• Tectum
(orientation)
• Tegmentum
(movement,
pleasure,
motivation)
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3.4 Exploring the Brain–—
Major Divisions
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Forebrain
• cerebral cortex
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Subcortical structures
• thalamus (most neural
input to the cortex is
received from the
thalamus)
• Hypothalamus
(oversees wide range:
temp, hunger, thirst,
sexual behavior)
• pituitary gland
(connects brain to other
endocrine glands)
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3.4 Exploring the Brain–—
Major Divisions
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Limbic system
(The four Fs:
Fighting, Fleeing,
Feeding, and
Mating)
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Some of the structures…
• hypothalamus
• hippocampus
• amygdala
• basal ganglia
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3.4 Exploring the Brain–—
Major Divisions
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Cerebral cortex
• frontal lobe
• temporal lobe
• occipital lobe
• parietal lobe
• corpus callosum
• plasticity
(Discovery
DVD)
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PSYCHOLOGY
Brain
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/brain/3d
/index.html
3.6 Investigating the Brain
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Studying the
damaged brain
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Phineas Gage
• emotional functions
of the frontal lobes
• Moving images clip
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3.6 Investigating the Brain
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Distinct roles of left
and right
hemispheres
• split-brain procedure
• Sci-Amer DVD #7
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3.6 Listening to the Brain
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Brain patterns while sleeping and awake
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3.6 Brain Imaging
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Looking at the brain
• EEG
• positron emission
tomography (PET)
• functional magnetic
resonance imaging
(fMRI)
provides a picture of the
level of activation in each
brain area
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