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Nsci1100: Human Neuroanatomy
Final Examination
Write your name on this page! On your bubble answer sheet, enter your name (last name,
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Questions in blue are recycled from previous exams.
Lecture 3 development
1. Neurons in the adult that are receptors for pain developed from what part of the embryonic
nervous system?
A. forebrain
B. hindbrain
C. midbrain

D. neural crest
E. mesoderm
2. Motor neurons that send their axons out of the central nervous system and connect to
muscles develop from cells in what region of the embryonic neural tube?
A. roof plate
B. floor plate
C. alar plate

D. basal plate
E. home plate
Lecture 4 ventricles, CSF & meninges
3. Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) flows through the brain ventricular system. What is the correct
sequence of flow?
A. subarachnoid space > cerebral aqueduct > lateral ventricle > third ventricle > fourth
ventricle
B. subarachnoid space > lateral ventricle > third ventricle > cerebral aqueduct > fourth
ventricle

C. lateral ventricle > third ventricle > cerebral aqueduct > fourth ventricle >
subarachnoid space
D. lateral ventricle > third ventricle > fourth ventricle > cerebral aqueduct >
subarachnoid space
E. lateral ventricle > cerebral aqueduct > third ventricle > fourth ventricle >
subarachnoid space
4. The tentorium cerebelli sits between the …
A. cerebral cortex and pons
B. cerebral cortex and thalamus

C. cerebral cortex and cerebellum
D. cerebellum and pons
E. pons and medulla
Nsci 1100 – Final Exam
page 2
Lecture 5 blood supply
5. Blood from the brain just returning to the heart first enters what chamber of the heart?

A. right atrium
B. left atrium
C. right ventricle
D. left ventricle
E. right aorta
6. Sudden muscle weakness in one region on one side of the body could be an indication of
what clinical problem?
A. hydrocephalus

B. stroke
C. tetanus
D. spina bifida
Lecture 6 cells
7. Nissl substance, which is a prominent feature of most neurons, is largely composed of what
cell organelle?
A. nucleus
B. nucleolus
C. mitochondria
D. golgi apparatus

E. rough endoplasmic reticulum
8. Where are synaptic vesicles typically found in neurons?
A. synaptic cleft
B. postsynaptic terminal

C. presynaptic terminal
D. nucleus
E. lysosomes
Lecture 7 electrical properties
9. Action potentials are initiated in the initial segment of the axon when what type of channel
opens?
A. voltage-gated calcium (Ca++) channels
B. voltage-gated potassium (K+) channels

C. voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels
D. voltage-gated chloride (Cl-) channels
E. sodium-potassium pump
10. A stronger excitatory input to a neuron will result in a larger action potential, that is an action
potential that is more depolarized, than with a weaker excitatory input. True or false?
A. true

B. false
Nsci 1100 – Final Exam
page 3
Lecture 8 synaptic communication
11. Activation of glutamate receptors on a dendrite of a neuron in the brain is likely to result in
what change in that dendrite?
A. Chloride (Cl-) channels in the dendrite will open.

B. Sodium (Na+) channels in the dendrite will open.
C. The dendrite will become hyperpolarized.
D. An action potential will be generated in the dendrite.
E. Multiple ion channels in the surrounding myelin will open.
Lecture 9 spinal cord
12. In what level of the spinal cord would you expect to have the most white matter?
A. lumbar
B. sacral

C. cervical
D. thoracic
13. The intervertebral foramina …
A. carry the vertebral arteries up to the skull where they enter the cranium.

B. allow passage of spinal nerves between the periphery and spinal cord.
C. provide the padding between adjacent vertebrae.
D. provide the space or hole in which the spinal cord runs.
E. hold adjacent vertebrae together.
Lecture 12 brainstem
14. Which of the following is a landmark of the midbrain?
A. pontine nuclei
B. inferior olivary nucleus
C. pyramids
D. fourth ventricle

E. red nucleus
15. The axons of some dorsal root ganglion neurons carrying somatosensory information
synapse in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus. True or false?
A. true

B. false
Lecture 13 forebrain
16. The medial lemniscus carries what type of information to the thalamus? (select the best
answer)

A. proprioception and touch
B. pain, temperature and touch
C. auditory
D. auditory and vestibular
E. vision
17. The nucleus accumbens is part of the …
A. globus pallidus.
B. cerebral cortex.

C. striatum.
D. thalamus.
E. hypothalamus.
Nsci 1100 – Final Exam
page 4
Lecture 14 cranial nerves
18. Which cranial nerve is NOT part of the peripheral nervous system?

A. optic nerve (CN II)
B. oculomotor nerve (CN III)
C. trigeminal nerve (CN V)
D. facial nerve (CN VII)
E. vagus nerve (CN X)
19. The accessory nerve (CN XI) is attached …
A. only to the midbrain
B. only to the pons
C. only to the medulla
D. only to the spinal cord

E. to the medulla and the spinal cord
Lecture 15 somatosensory system I
20. Where do most primary sensory (receptor) neurons carrying pain information from the body
synapse?
A. dorsal root ganglia

B. dorsal horn of the spinal cord
C. gracilis or cuneate nucleus
D. ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus
21. Which of the following is a mechanoreceptor?
A. touch receptor
B. muscle spindle receptor
C. golgi tendon organ
D. heat receptor

E. More than one of the above are mechanoreceptors.
Lecture 16 somatosensory II (from Dr. Giesler)
22. Pain can be reduced or blocked by believing an inert agent is an analgesic. Which of the
following brain areas is involved in producing this effect?
A. occipital lobe
B. parietal cortex
C. superior colliculus

D. reticular formation in the pons and medulla
E. cerebellum
Lecture 17 & 18 vision
23. A muscle in which of the following structures is particularly important for focusing the visual
image on the retina?
A. iris
B. choroid
C. sclera

D. ciliary body
E. pigment epithelium
Nsci 1100 – Final Exam
page 5
24. Where are the first neurons along the visual pathway that can be activated by a visual
stimulus to either eye? (i.e. Where are the first binocular neurons?)
A. lateral geniculate nucleus

B. primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
C. secondary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
D. supplemental visual cortex in the temporal lobe
E. supplemental visual cortex in the parietal lobe
Lecture 19 hearing & vestibular
25. Sound information is carried through the middle ear as an electrical potential much like an
action potential. True or false?
A. true

B. false
Lecture 20 chemical senses
26. Taste, olfactory and somatosensory information come together in what region of the
cerebral cortex?
A. insula

B. orbitofrontal cortex
C. prefrontal cortex
D. parietal lobe
E. These three systems never come together.
Lecture 23 motor system
27. What symptom is likely following a stroke in the precentral gyrus near the lateral sulcus?
A. paralysis of the leg and/or foot

B. paralysis of the face
C. loss of the sense of touch on the leg and/or foot
D. loss of the sense of touch on the face
E. an inability to use vision to locate objects in space
28. Where do most axons originating from neurons in primary motor cortex and synapsing on
neurons in the spinal cord cross the midline?
A. internal capsule
B. pons
C. cerebral peduncles

D. lower medulla
E. upper medulla
Lecture 24 basal ganglia
29. What two structures are separated by the internal capsule?
A. globus pallidus and putamen

B. putamen and caudate
C. caudate and thalamus
D. thalamus and substantia nigra
E. substantia nigra and red nucleus
Nsci 1100 – Final Exam
page 6
30. The major direct input to the basal ganglia is from …

A. cerebral cortex.
B. cerebellum.
C. spinal cord.
D. retina.
E. thalamus.
Lecture 25 cerebellum
31. What part of the cerebellum is particularly important for maintaining balance?
A. vermis
B. cerebellar hemispheres
C. anterior lobe
D. posterior lobe

E. flocculonodular lobe
32. Some neurons in deep cerebellar nuclei send axons to and synapse with …

A. neurons in the red nucleus.
B. purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex.
C. granule cells in the cerebellar cortex.
D. neurons in the inferior olivary nucleus.
Lecture 26 eye movements (from Dr. L. McLoon)
33. Imagine that you meet a person who is unable to look to the right with the right eye. This
person may have lost the function of which cranial nerve?
A. oculomotor nerve (CN III)
B. trochlear nerve (CN IV)
C. trigeminal nerve (CN V)

D. abducens nerve (CN VI)
34. The part of the brain that can initiate a saccade is the:
A. oculomotor nucleus

B. frontal eye fields
C. cerebellum
D. inferior colliculus
Lecture 27 autonomic nervous system
35. What neurotransmitter is released in the venous sinusoids of the penis and causes an
erection?
A. noradrenalin (norepinephrine)
B. adrenalin (epinephrine)
C. acetylcholine

D. nitric oxide
E. phenylephrine
Lecture 28 reticular formation & sleep (from Dr. Engeland)
36. Which of the following substances would be termed "hypnogenic" or "sleep-inducing"?
A. caffeine
B. serotonin
C. histamine

D. adenosine
Nsci 1100 – Final Exam
page 7
37. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder that can result from …
A. eating excessive amounts of chocolate.
B. damage to arousal centers in the reticular formation.

C. loss of neurons in the hypothalamus that release orexin.
D. a breathing disorder.
Lecture 29 hypothalamus (from Dr. Engeland)
38. Which of the following are characteristics of hypothalamic control of anterior pituitary
function?
A. The anterior pituitary is directly innervated by hypothalamic neurons.

B. A specialized set of portal veins is required for hypothalamic control of the anterior
pituitary.
C. Hypothalamic releasing hormones are released from the anterior pituitary into the
systemic circulation.
D. The anterior pituitary consists of small (parvocellular) neurons that release multiple
hormones into the systemic circulation.
39. Which of the following experimental manipulations would be most likely to abolish the
circadian secretion of the hormone melatonin?

A. removal of the suprachiasmatic nucleus
B. cutting the retino-hypothalamic pathway
C. blocking melanopsin production in retinal ganglion cells
D. flying from Minneapolis to London
Lecture 30 limbic system (from Dr. Engeland)
40. Which of the following structures is associated with the ability to identify the facial
expression of fear?

A. amygdala
B. mammillary bodies
C. prefrontal cortex
D. hippocampus
Lecture 33 cerebral cortex I (from Dr. Nakagawa)
(The next question was given in lecture with the promise it would appear on the exam.)
41. Which of the following areas is part of the ‘limbic lobe’?

A. hippocampus
B. primary visual area
C. primary motor area
D. Broca’s area
42. Which statement is true regarding the forebrain?
A. The substantia nigra and globus pallidus are both part of the telencephalon.
B. The hippocampus is not part of the cerebral cortex.
C. The mammalian olfactory cortex has six layers of neurons.

D. The telencephalon and diencephalon are both part of the forebrain.
Nsci 1100 – Final Exam
page 8
43. Which of the following statements is true regarding the topographic organization of sensory
cortex?

A. Sound frequency is encoded in a topographic manner in the primary auditory cortex.
B. In the primary somatosensory cortex, the area representing the face is located at the
most dorsal (superior) part of the postcentral gyrus.
C. The center of the visual field is represented in the rostral (anterior) most part of the
primary visual cortex.
D. In the primary visual cortex, the upper bank of the calcarine sulcus represents the
upper half of the visual field.
44. Which of the following statements is true regarding neurons in the cerebral cortex?
A. Pyramidal neurons use GABA as the neurotransmitter.
B. Spiny stellate neurons are mainly located in layer 5 of the primary sensory cortex.
C. Pyramidal neurons are located only in layer 5.

D. Many neurons in layer 6 project to the thalamus and regulate the firing of thalamic
neurons.
E. None of the above is true.
Lecture 34 cerebral cortex II (from Dr. Nakagawa)
(The next question was given in lecture with the promise it would appear on the exam.)
45. Which of the following symptoms would be most likely to result from a stroke in parietal
association cortex?
A. weakness in the upper limb

B. ignorance of objects in space on the side opposite to the cortical lesion
C. inability to recognize faces
D. reduced ability to plan or to adjust a strategy
46. Which statement is true about association cortex?
A. It occupies a much larger proportion of the cortex in rats than in humans.
B. The visual association cortex receives a direct input from the retina.
C. Wernicke’s area is included in the association cortex.
D. It has much more extensive input and output connections than primary sensory and
motor areas.
CD E. More than one of the above are true.
47. Which statement is NOT true about prefrontal cortex?
A. Phineas Gage had a lesion in it.
B. The Wisconsin Card Sort Test examines its functions.
C. Lesions in the ventral and medial prefrontal cortex cause emotional impairment.

D. Primary motor area is part of the prefrontal cortex.
48. Which imaging method below measures blood oxygen levels?

A. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
B. diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
C. positron emission tomography (PET)
D. computed tomography (CT)
E. X-ray imaging
Nsci 1100 – Final Exam
page 9
Lecture 35 cerebral cortex III (from Dr. Nakagawa)
(The next question was given in lecture with the promise it would appear on the exam.)
49. Which of the following statements is true about aphasia?
A. Wernicke’s aphasia is most typically caused by the occlusion of branches of anterior
cerebral artery.
B. Broca’s area is the most rostral part of the parietal lobe.

C. Correct grammatical structure of speech is often affected in Broca’s aphasia.
D. Comprehension is not affected in Wernicke’s aphasia.
50. Which of the following is true about asymmetry of the brain?
A. Most right-handed persons have their language area on the right side.
B. Hemispatial neglect is more often caused by lesions in the left parietal lobe than by
lesions in the right parietal lobe.

C. Prosopagnosia (problem in face recognition) is caused by a bilateral lesion of the
temporal lobe.
D. Broca’s aphasia is often accompanied by weakness of the left arm.
51. Which statement is true about language areas?
A. For almost everyone, language areas are found only on the left side of the frontal
lobe.
B. When chimpanzees use manual gestures to communicate, no areas in the left frontal
lobe are activated.

C. Damage to Wernicke’s area may cause problems in comprehension of sign
language.
D. More than one of the above are true.
Lecture 36 drug abuse & addiction (from Dr. Thomas)
52. The current map of brain regions responsible for the experience of “reward” was largely
formed through use of:
A. in vivo microdialysis

B. electrical brain stimulation and behavior testing
C. Golgi-Cox staining
D. electroencephalography (EEG)
E. neuropharmacology and toxicology
53. Which of the following is least accurate regarding the neurotransmitter dopamine?

A. Dopamine release in the brain induces a euphoric state.
B. Receptors for dopamine are located at synapses.
C. Dopamine-producing cell bodies are located in the midbrain.
D. Following release at a synapse, dopamine is taken back up by the presynaptic
terminal.
54. Cocaine exposure produces which of the following effects?
A. an increase in extracellular dopamine in the cerebellar cortex
B. a decrease in dopamine production in the hippocampus
C. increased stimulus thresholds for brain stimulation reward (BSR)

D. widespread changes in gene expression
Nsci 1100 – Final Exam
page 10
55. Some addictive drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamine, act on _______. Others, such
as alcohol and opiates, act on _________ to produce a similar neurobiological effect. (Fill in
the blanks.)

A. membrane dopamine transporter proteins / inhibitory GABAergic neurons
B. postsynaptic dopamine receptors / inhibitory GABAergic neurons
C. membrane dopamine transporter proteins / dopamine neuron cell bodies
D. dopamine neuron cell bodies / inhibitory GABAergic neurons
Lecture 37 learning & memory (from Dr. Redish)
56. In the Memory and Decision-Making lectures, it was noted that there is a correspondence
between memory and decision-making. This correspondence occurs because …
A. they both involve imagination (in all decision-making systems).

B. the purpose of memory is to make better decisions.
C. the purpose of decisions is to have better memories.
D. More than one of the above are correct.
57. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. LTP changes the synaptic strength between cells.
B. LTP depends on NMDA channels that signal co-firing between pre- and postsynaptic cells.

C. LTP only exists within the hippocampus.
D. LTP can last for months.
E. Changes that affect LTP also affect behavior that depends on memory.
58. Memory is stored in the connections between neurons. True or false?

A. true
B. false
59. The hippocampus is the seat of memory, and if you lost the hippocampus, you would lose
most of your memories. True or false?
A. true

B. false
Lecture 38 decision making (from Dr. Redish)
60. Decisions depend on …
A. past experience.
B. perception.
C. needs and desires.
all D. More than one of the above are correct.
61. Which decision system drives behavior in the ultimatum game?

A. Emotions and the Pavlovian action-selection system
B. Episodic memory and Deliberation.
C. Motor memory and Procedural learning.
D. Imagination and reflexes.
62. Central pattern generators can be learned. True or false?

A. true
B. false
Nsci 1100 – Final Exam
page 11
63. Imagine the first time you drive to work. Generally, you have to plan, thinking about what
roads to take and which turns to make when. With experience, you no longer have to think
about the route you take, and might accidentally drive your friend to your office instead of
the airport because you got distracted. This is a transfer of control from …
A. reflexes to deliberative.

B. deliberative to procedural.
C. emotional to procedural.
D. emotional to reflexes.
E. deliberative to emotional.
Lecture 39 neurodegenerative diseases (from Dr. Lesne)
64. Among neurodegenerative diseases inducing motor disorders, which disease primarily
affects the substantia nigra in the midbrain?
A. Huntington’s disease
B. Friedreich ataxia
C. cerebellar ataxia
D. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

E. Parkinson’s disease
65. What neuropathological feature is characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease?

A. neurofibrillary tangles
B. lewy bodies
C. TDP43 inclusions
D. prion plaques and brain vacuolization
E. ataxin-1 inclusions
66. Which of the following neurodegenerative diseases does NOT typically result in cognitive
decline?
A. Alzheimer’s disease
B. Huntington’s disease
C. Parkinson’s disease

D. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
E. Prion disease
67. Which of the following neurodegenerative diseases can be transmissible?
A. Alzheimer’s disease
B. Huntington’s disease
C. Parkinson’s disease
D. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

E. Prion disease
Lecture 40 injury & regeneration
68. Serious injury to the mid-thoracic level of the spinal cord is likely to result in what deficit?
A. lower limb paralysis

B. lower limb paralysis and an inability to feel the lower limbs
C. upper and lower limb paralysis
D. upper and lower limb paralysis and an inability to feel the upper and lower limbs
Nsci 1100 – Final Exam
page 12
69. Chromatolysis is …
A. the process by which a part of an axon not attached to it cell body degenerates.
B. the spontaneous generation of an action potential in a damaged axon.

C. the loss of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the soma of a neuron following
axotomy.
D. the process by which an axon grows and reconnects following an injury.
E. the inhibition of regeneration of an injured axon.
70. What cell type is largely responsible for forming a glial scar in the injured central nervous
system?
A. interneurons
B. projecting neurons (neurons with long axons)
C. oligodendrocytes

D. astrocytes
E. Schwann cells
71. If axons in a peripheral nerve are cut, then …
A. the cut ends of the axons can rejoin (i.e. fuse back together) as long as the cut is
clean and the nerve sheath is intact.
B. the nerve will never function again, but neighboring nerves could take over the
function of the injured nerve.

C. the distal portion of the axons separated from their cell bodies will degenerate, and
the portion of the axons still attached to cell bodies will regrow from their cut ends.
D. the person is likely to die from nerve hemorrhage.
Lecture 41 adult neurogenesis & stem cells
72. Cell division in the subgranule zone (SGZ) in the adult brain produces neurons that are
important for what function?
A. sense of smell
B. sense of balance and motion

C. certain types of learning
D. coordination of movement
E. More than one of the above are correct.
73. A stroke in the cerebral cortex will promote neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ),
and some of the newly generated neurons will migrate into the damaged cortex. True or
false?

A. true
B. false
74. Which of the following statements regarding the drug fluoxetine, a commonly used
antidepressant better known as Prozac, is correct?
A. The effectiveness of fluoxetine requires cell division in the subventricular zone (SVZ).

B. Fluoxetine increases cell division in the subgranule zone (SGZ).
C. Fluoxetine reduces cell division in the subgranule zone (SGZ).
D. Fluoxetine impairs spatial and episodic memory.
Nsci 1100 – Final Exam
75. Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) …
A. are normally present in many adult tissues in very low abundance.
B. are normally present in the umbilical cord.
C. can be harvested from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst stage embryo.
D. can be harvested from embryos of any stage.

E. can be made in the laboratory from differentiated cells.
Labs (from Dr. Nakagawa)
76. Which of the following statements is true about Golgi and Nissl histological methods?
A. Both methods label only neurons.

B. Golgi staining is useful to analyze fine details of neuronal dendritic branches.
C. Nissl staining labels myelin.
D. Golgi staining labels charged structures in the cell body only.
E. Nissl staining specifically labels the cell nucleus.
77. What is the name of the structure indicated by the arrow in the image below?
A. pons
B. hippocampus
C. frontal lobe

D. temporal lobe
E. midbrain
78. Which statement is NOT true about the structures shown in the image below?
A. The axon bundle “1” shows the crossing of corticospinal pathway.

B. Neurons in nucleus “2” innervate muscles in the tongue.
C. The section shown here is near the medulla-spinal cord border.
D. All of the above are true.
page 13
Nsci 1100 – Final Exam
page 14
79. Which statement is true about the measurement of response time using the EMG SpikerBox
that you did in Lab 9?
A. The response consists of a simple reflex at the level of the brainstem.
B. The reaction time is much shorter for visual stimuli than for auditory stimuli because
the light travels faster than sound.
C. The first nucleus in the central nervous system that conveys the visual (image
forming) information is in the midbrain.
D. The first nucleus in the central nervous system that conveys auditory information is in
the midbrain.

E. The final structure in the central nervous system that constitutes the response is the
ventral horn of the spinal cord.
80. Which statement about LAB 10 (cockroach leg electrophysiology) below is TRUE?
A. We placed two electrodes inside the axons of sensory neurons in the leg.

B. We measured the voltage between the two electrode pins placed in the femur.
C. Bending a joint in the leg decreased spike frequency.
D. Action potentials are generated by a rapid efflux of Na+ ions out of the cell.
The End!
Please turn in this exam and your bubble sheet in the box at the back of the room.
Double check that your name is on both.
Have a wonderful and safe holiday!
…HO, HO, HO!