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Effects of Residual Inhibition Phenomenon on Early Auditory Evoked
Effects of Residual Inhibition Phenomenon on Early Auditory Evoked

... It could be possible (with no certainty) that the neural mechanisms which are involved in RI phenomenon, are similar to (or overlap with) those that cause generation of tinnitus (Roberts, 2007). By accepting aforesaid hypothesis, understanding neural mechanisms involved in RI can create a new horizo ...
Muscimol-Induced Inactivation of Monkey Frontal Eye Field: Effects
Muscimol-Induced Inactivation of Monkey Frontal Eye Field: Effects

... a network of cortical and subcortical areas that controls eye movements. Removal of one component of the network causes an initial deficit that soon is compensated for by the remainder of the network. When several nodes within the network are removed, however, the deficits become more permanent. In ...
Neurophysiology - American Physiological Society
Neurophysiology - American Physiological Society

... receptor membrane, peripheral axon process, central axon process, soma, sensory ganglia. NEU 3. Write the Nernst equation, and explain the effects of altering the intracellular or extracellular Na+, K+, Cl-, or Ca2+ concentration on the equilibrium potential for that ion. NEU 4. Describe the normal ...
Understanding the process of multisensory integration
Understanding the process of multisensory integration

... reexamine this process. The result, detailed in Chapter 2, was a new model that can accurately predict a neuron’s multisensory response on a moment-by-moment basis as it evolves, with only knowledge of its responses to the individual component cues. ...
Neck Muscle Responses to Stimulation of Monkey Superior
Neck Muscle Responses to Stimulation of Monkey Superior

... and 1,500 ms. SC stimulation (variable duration, described in the following text) was delivered on 80 –90% of all trials between 500 and 1,000 ms after the onset of fixation. Stimulation was delivered either while the FP remained visible (fixation trials; 40 – 45% of all trials) or 200 ms after the ...
neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data
neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data

... mediated by neuronal reward prediction error signals which implement basic constructs of reinforcement learning theory. These signals are found in dopamine neurons, which emit a global reward signal to striatum and frontal cortex, and in specific neurons in striatum, amygdala, and frontal cortex pro ...
Cholinergic Cells and Pathways
Cholinergic Cells and Pathways

... with projection and augmenting activity as they pointed out that ACh-sensitive cortical cells respond to thalamic or peripheral sensory stimulation with repetitive after-discharges and changes in the EEG. These notions were supported by the finding of Frank (Hank) MacIntosh and Paul Oborin (1953) of ...
Primary- and Secondary-Like Jaw-Muscle Spindle Afferents Have
Primary- and Secondary-Like Jaw-Muscle Spindle Afferents Have

... posterior surfaces of the cerebellum were removed, and warmed mineral oil was applied to the surface of the brain stem and cerebellar cortex. Before electrophysiological recording, chlorpromazine (150 mg/kg) was administered to suppress background fusimotor activity (Cody et al. 1972), and a pneumot ...
2017
2017

... attended an interview at the Department of Communication and Neuroscience at Keele University during which he was persuaded to switch systems and work on the physiology of hearing with Ted Evans. The early 1970s were exciting times in auditory science with an explosion of pioneering measurements on ...
The Anatomy of the Posterior Commissure
The Anatomy of the Posterior Commissure

... reference to the pupilloconstrictory pathway via the posterior commissure was also reported (14). All these studies were related to the light reflex function of the posterior commissure which was already known. We also observed the posterior commissure to connect the right and left pretectal regions ...
The circadian visual system, 2005
The circadian visual system, 2005

... explored to date, if a photic stimulus is sufficient to produce a maximal phase shift, more photons at the same time or up to 2 h later have no additional effect on phase shift magnitude (Nelson and Takahashi, 1999). In such cases, the circadian system is deemed to be “saturated” with respect to its ...
Selective stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson`s
Selective stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson`s

... the cortico-basal ganglia thalamo-cortical circuit, the STN plays an important role in not only motor, but also in cognitive and limbic processes. Classically the STN is divided into three subregions: a motor, limbic and associative part (Hamani, et al., 2004, Temel, et al., 2005). The STN neuronal ...
Local Field Potentials Related to Bimanual Movements in the
Local Field Potentials Related to Bimanual Movements in the

... potentials in motor cortex has focused on the relationship of synchronous oscillations to movement and to single unit activity (Sanes and Donoghue, 1993;Eckhorn and Obermueller, 1993;Murthy and Fetz, 1996a;Baker et al., 1999), but the character of the evoked potential in this area and its relationsh ...
to the Proceedings
to the Proceedings

... The classic view of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is that the “primary” targets are hair cells, and that cochlear-nerve loss occurs only “secondary” to hair cell degeneration. Our work has challenged that view. In noise-induced hearing loss, exposures causing only reversible threshold shifts (an ...
Structure and dynamics of the corticothalamic driver pathway in the
Structure and dynamics of the corticothalamic driver pathway in the

... distributed, non-linear and dynamic process. Following sensory receptor activation the signal travels through many brain regions wherein the pathway is split, loops back onto itself and joins together with others. At each step, neurons dynamically transform and filter the signal. To understand how t ...
NEURAL MECHANISMS SUPPORTING THE LEARNING
NEURAL MECHANISMS SUPPORTING THE LEARNING

... discriminative control over the UCR (Baxter, 1966; Kimmel, 1967; Knight et al., 2010; Marcos & Redondo, 1999). Others have suggested that conscious expectations modify UCR expression (Dunsmoor et al., 2008; Knight et al., 2010; Rust, 1976). For example, greater UCR diminution has been observed when ...
Different Orientation Tuning of Near- and Far
Different Orientation Tuning of Near- and Far

... the minimum response field (mRF) were carefully located quantitatively using a grating patch of 0.2° diameter. The area of the mRF was defined as the visual field region in which the small grating patch elicited a response at least 2 SDs above the spontaneous rate, and the geometric center of this a ...
Auditory Pathways and Processes
Auditory Pathways and Processes

... behavioral responses to auditory and visual inputs (Pastor et al., 2008). The basal ganglia have been identified as having a role in processing auditory signal aspects of speech (Kotz, Schwartze, & Schmidt-Kassow, 2009), particularly timing. Efferent pathways, thought to be part of a feedback loop t ...
Inhibitory Gating of Basolateral Amygdala Inputs to the Prefrontal
Inhibitory Gating of Basolateral Amygdala Inputs to the Prefrontal

... Carter, 2013). However, the overall influence of BLA inputs could be inhibitory if connections are stronger onto local GABAergic interneurons. The PFC also possesses a variety of GABAergic interneurons, which have distinct morphological and physiological properties, including parvalbumin (PV) and so ...
Contrast-dependence of surround suppression in
Contrast-dependence of surround suppression in

... the region outside the sRFlow. Feedforward connections (green) to V1 from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) are commensurate with the sRFhigh of V1 neurons (Angelucci and Sainsbury, 2006). Intra-areal V1 horizontal connections (red) are commensurate with the sRFlow, while extrastriate feedback co ...
Different adrenal sympathetic preganglionic
Different adrenal sympathetic preganglionic

... square wave pulses. The following two stimulus paradigms were used: 1) a short burst of three pulses, 6-ms interpulse interval, 20–100 ␮A, 1 ms duration, 0.25 Hz and 2) highfrequency train of 20 Hz for 3 s, 1 ms duration, 20–100 ␮A. Natural stimulation of the baroreceptors was produced by the rise i ...
view - E-LIB Bremen - Universität Bremen
view - E-LIB Bremen - Universität Bremen

... found that the predictions of this model very often were wrong. Particularily illuminating tests of spSTDP have been conducted by Froemke and Dan [25] and Wang and colleagues [26]. They used spike triplets consisting of either a pre-, then a post-, then again a presynaptic spike with equal time diffe ...


... However, a recent 10 year follow-up study indicated that 35% of paediatric patients still meet criteria and it’s been estimated that affects between 3 and 7% of adult population. Even thought the exact neurobiological substrate of ADHD still unclear, genetic, preclinical and clinical studies point t ...
The Placebo Effect: A Psychosocial and Neurobiological Review
The Placebo Effect: A Psychosocial and Neurobiological Review

... response   alone   was   naloxone   insensitive.   Thus,   when   ketorolac   (US;   a   non-­‐opioid   analgesic)   was   used   to   inhibit   pain   (UR)   and   subsequently   replaced   with   placebo   (CS),   the   analgesic   effect   tha ...
Functional Organization of the Gustatory System in the Brains of
Functional Organization of the Gustatory System in the Brains of

... This reproduction was made from a copy of a m anuscript sent to u s for publication and microfilming. While the m ost advanced technology has been used to pho­ tograph and reproduce this m anuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. Pag ...
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Eyeblink conditioning

Eyeblink conditioning (EBC) is a form of classical conditioning that has been used extensively to study neural structures and mechanisms that underlie learning and memory. The procedure is relatively simple and usually consists of pairing an auditory or visual stimulus (the conditioned stimulus (CS)) with an eyeblink-eliciting unconditioned stimulus (US) (e.g. a mild puff of air to the cornea or a mild shock). Naïve organisms initially produce a reflexive, unconditioned response (UR) (e.g. blink or extension of nictitating membrane) that follows US onset. After many CS-US pairings, an association is formed such that a learned blink, or conditioned response (CR), occurs and precedes US onset. The magnitude of learning is generally gauged by the percentage of all paired CS-US trials that result in a CR. Under optimal conditions, well-trained animals produce a high percentage of CRs (> 90%). The conditions necessary for, and the physiological mechanisms that govern, eyeblink CR learning have been studied across many mammalian species, including mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, ferrets, cats, and humans. Historically, rabbits have been the most popular research subjects.
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