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Package Title: Testbank Course Title: pap14 Chapter Number: 12 Question type: Multiple Choice 1) Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system? a) Sensory function b) Integrative function c) Motor function d) All are functions of the nervous system Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 12.1 Describe the structures and basic functions of the nervous system. Study Objective 2: SO 12.1.2 Describe the three basic functions of the nervous system. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.1 Overview of the Nervous System 2) Which of the following are divisions of the peripheral nervous system? a) Somatic nervous system b) Autonomic nervous system c) Enteric nervous system d) All of these choices Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 12.1 Describe the structures and basic functions of the nervous system. Study Objective 2: SO 12.1.1 Describe the organization of the nervous system. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.1 Overview of the Nervous System 3) The motor portion of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into a) somatic and sympathetic divisions. b) somatic and parasympathetic divisions. c) enteric and somatic divisions. d) sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. e) voluntary and involuntary divisions. Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 12.1 Describe the structures and basic functions of the nervous system. Study Objective 2: SO 12.1.1 Describe the organization of the nervous system. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.1 Overview of the Nervous System 4) Which of the following types of cells display the property of electrical excitability? a) Muscle cells b) Neurons c) All of these choices d) None of these choices Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 5) Which of following organelles is a common site of protein synthesis in neurons? a) mitochondria b) nucleus c) Nissl body d) Golgi apparatus e) nucleolus Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 6) With respect to neurons, the term “nerve fiber” refers to a) an axon. b) a dendrite c) a Nissl body. d) both axons and dendrites. e) all of these choices Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 7) This type of neuron has one dendrite and one axon emerging from the cell body. a) Multipolar neuron b) Bipolar neuron c) Unipolar neuron d) Purkinje cell e) Renshaw cell Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 8) Schwann’s cells begin to form myelin sheaths around axons in the peripheral nervous system a) when neurons are injured. b) during fetal development. c) after birth. d) only in response to electrical stimulation by neuroglial cells. e) during the early onset of Alzheimer’s disease. Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 9) This type of nervous tissue contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglial cells. a) Gray matter b) White matter c) Nissl bodies d) Ganglia e) Nuclei Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.2 Distinguish between gray matter and white matter Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 10) Which of the following is NOT a type of channel used in production of electrical signals in neurons? a) Leakage channel b) Voltage-gated channel c) Ligand-gated channel d) Mechanically gated channel e) Ion-gated channel Answer: e Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.2 Compare the basic types of ion channels, and explain how they relate to graded potentials and action potentials. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 11) A polarized cell a) has a charge imbalance across its membrane. b) includes most cells of the body. c) exhibits a membrane potential. d) includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential. e) All of these choices are correct. Answer: e Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.3 Describe the factors that maintain a resting membrane potential. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 12) Na+/K+–ATPase is considered to be an electrogenic pump because a) it contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential. b) the sodium ions are negatively charged. c) it exhibits low permeability. d) both it contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential and the sodium ions are negatively charged. e) all of these choices Answer: a Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.3 Describe the factors that maintain a resting membrane potential. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 13) A depolarizing graded potential a) makes the membrane more polarized. b) makes the membrane less polarized. c) is considered a type of action potential. d) is the last part of an action potential. e) is seen when the cell approaches threshold. Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.3 Describe the factors that maintain a resting membrane potential. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 14) When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold, a) ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly. b) voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly. c) ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly. d) voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly. e) none of these choices occur. Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.4 List the sequence of events that generate an action potential. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 15) During the resting state of a voltage-gated Na+ channel, 1. the inactivation gate is open. 2. the activation gate is closed. 3. the channel is permeable to Na+. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) both 1 and 2 are true. e) all of these choices are true. Answer: d Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.3 Describe the factors that maintain a resting membrane potential. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 16) During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus a) Latent period b) Absolute refractory period c) Relative refractory period d) All of these choices e) None of these choices Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.4 List the sequence of events that generate an action potential. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 17) Saltatory conduction a) can occur in unmyelinated axons b) happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels c) encodes only action potentials that are initiated in response to pain. d) occurs in unmyelinated axons and happens due to even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels e) occurs only in myelinated axons Answer: e Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.4 List the sequence of events that generate an action potential. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 18) The nervous system can distinguish between a light touch and a heavier touch by a) saltatory conduction. b) continuous conduction of graded potentials. c) changing the frequency of impulses sent to sensory centers. d) propagation action potential in both directions. e) modifying the length of the refractory period. Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.4 List the sequence of events that generate an action potential. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 19) Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of a) chemical synapses b) electrical synapses c) ligand-gated channels d) voltage-gated channels e) mechanically-gated channels Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.4 Describe signal transmission at a chemical synapse, summation, and excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Study Objective 2: SO 12.4.1 Explain the events of signal transmission at electrical and chemical synapses. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.4 Signal Transmission at Synapses 20) An excitatory neurotransmitter _____ the postsynaptic membrane. a) depolarizes b) repolarizes c) hyperpolarizes d) does not affect the polarity of e) moves across channels in Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.4 Describe signal transmission at a chemical synapse, summation, and excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Study Objective 2: SO 12.4.1 Explain the events of signal transmission at electrical and chemical synapses. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.4 Signal Transmission at Synapses 21) Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to a) remove a neurotransmitter b) stop a spatial summation c) continue a temporal summation d) inhibit a presynaptic potential e) excite a presynaptic potential Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.4 Describe signal transmission at a chemical synapse, summation, and excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Study Objective 2: SO 12.4.1 Explain the events of signal transmission at electrical and chemical synapses. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.4 Signal Transmission at Synapses 22) When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs a) in the synaptic cleft. b) in the dendrites. c) at the trigger zone. d) in the neuron nucleus. e) in the neuroplasm. Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.4 Describe signal transmission at a chemical synapse, summation, and excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Study Objective 2: SO 12.4.1 Explain the events of signal transmission at electrical and chemical synapses. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.4 Signal Transmission at Synapses 23) A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating a) EPSPs b) water-filled channels in its membrane c) IPSPs d) either EPSPs or IPSPs e) All the choices are correct Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.4 Describe signal transmission at a chemical synapse, summation, and excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Study Objective 2: SO 12.4.1 Explain the events of signal transmission at electrical and chemical synapses. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.4 Signal Transmission at Synapses 24) This type of neural circuit consists of a single presynaptic neuron synapsing with several postsynaptic neurons. a) Diverging circuit b) Converging circuit c) Reverberating circuit d) Parallel after-discharge circuit e) Normal circuit Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 12.6 Identify the various types of neural circuits in the nervous system. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.6 Neural Circuits 25) Plasticity means a) ability to regenerate after being damaged. b) sending a signal through a converging circuit. c) signal transmission at a synapse. d) ability to change based on experience. e) ability to stretch and recoil without damage. Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 12.7 Describe neurogenesis and explain the events involved in damage and repair of peripheral nerves and the disorders that affect the nervous system. Study Objective 2: SO 12.7.1 Define plasticity and neurogenesis. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.7 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous Tissue Question type: Essay 26) What factors limit neurogenesis in the CNS of adults? Answer: Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.7 Describe neurogenesis and explain the events involved in damage and repair of peripheral nerves and the disorders that affect the nervous system. Study Objective 2: SO 12.7.1 Define plasticity and neurogenesis. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.7 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous Tissue Solution: Neurogenesis in adults is limited by: 1) Inhibitory influences from neuroglia, mainly from oligodendrocytes, and 2) the absence of growth-stimulating cues present during fetal development. 27) Describe four ways drugs can modify the effects of neurotransmitters. Answer: Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 12.5 Describe the classes and functions of neurotransmitters. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.5 Neurotransmitters Solution: Drugs can modify neurotransmitter effects by: 1) stimulating or inhibiting their synthesis, 2) enhancing or blocking their release, 3) activating or blocking their receptor, and 4) stimulating or inhibiting their removal. 28) List the three ways that neurotransmitters can be removed from a synapse. Answer: Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 12.5 Describe the classes and functions of neurotransmitters. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.5 Neurotransmitters Solution: Neurotransmitters can be removed by: 1) diffusion, 2) enzymatic degradation or 3) uptake by cells. 29) List the three major factors that contribute to the creation of the resting membrane potential in excitable cells. Answer: Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.3 Describe the factors that maintain a resting membrane potential. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons Solution: The major factors that lead to creation of resting potential are: 1) unequal distribution of ions across the plasma membrane, 2) inability of most anions to leave the cell, and 3) the electrogenic nature of the Na+,K+ -ATPase. 30) Briefly describe the events that occur during the depolarizing phase of an action potential. Answer: Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.4 List the sequence of events that generate an action potential. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons Solution: Voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly allowing Na+ to rush into the cell driven by both the electrical and chemical gradient. The inward rush of Na+ causes the membrane potential to become less negative, resulting in depolarization. Question type: Multiple Choice 31) Which part of the diagram is considered nerve fiber? a) A b) D c) I d) Both A and D e) All of these choices make up the nerve fiber Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 32) This part of the neuron contains the nucleus and Nissl bodies. a) A b) B c) C d) E e) Both A and B Answer: b Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 33) This part of a neuron contains the nucleus and cytoplasm of the Schwann’s cell that has formed a myelin sheath around the axon. a) C b) D c) E d) F e) G Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 34) In the diagram, where are axon terminals? a) F b) G c) H d) I e) None of these choices Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 35) Which of the neurons is considered to be a bipolar neuron? a) A b) B c) C d) All of the neurons. e) None of the neurons. Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 36) This structure electrically insulates the axon of a neuron to increase the speed of nerve impulse conduction. a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E Answer: e Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 37) In the diagram, where is a node of Ranvier? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E Answer: b Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 38) In the CNS, this structure is produced by oligodendrocytes. a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E Answer: e Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 39) Which of the diagrams in the figure represents a ligand-gated channel? a) A b) B c) C d) D Answer: b Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.2 Compare the basic types of ion channels, and explain how they relate to graded potentials and action potentials. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 40) Which of these types of channels is involved in leaking sodium and potassium ions across the membrane in order to establish the resting potential of a cell? a) A b) B c) C d) D Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.2 Compare the basic types of ion channels, and explain how they relate to graded potentials and action potentials. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 41) Which of the channels shown in the figure opens and closes randomly? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) All of these choices Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.2 Compare the basic types of ion channels, and explain how they relate to graded potentials and action potentials. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 42) Which diagram represents a reverberating circuit? a) A b) B c) C d) D Answer: c Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 12.6 Identify the various types of neural circuits in the nervous system. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.6 Neural Circuits 43) Which of the types of circuits is commonly used to send sensory signals to multiple areas of the brain? a) A b) B c) C d) D Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.6 Identify the various types of neural circuits in the nervous system. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.6 Neural Circuits 44) Which type of circuit is used to lengthen the output signal in physiological processes like regulation of the breathing pattern? a) A b) B c) C d) D Answer: c Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 12.6 Identify the various types of neural circuits in the nervous system. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.6 Neural Circuits 45) Which type of circuit is involved in solving mathematical problems? a) A b) B c) C d) D Answer: d Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 12.6 Identify the various types of neural circuits in the nervous system. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.6 Neural Circuits 46) What is the structural classification of the neuron labeled A? a) bipolar neuron b) multipolar neuron c) unipolar neuron d) nonpolar neuron e) pseudounipolar Answer: b Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 47) What is the structural classification of the neuron labeled B? a) bipolar neuron b) multipolar neuron c) unipolar neuron d) nonpolar neuron e) pseudounipolar Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 48) Which of the following structures is labeled A in the diagram? a) axon terminal b) trigger zone c) cell body d) peripheral process e) dendrites Answer: e Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 49) Which of the following structures is labeled B in the diagram? a) axon terminal b) trigger zone c) cell body d) peripheral process e) dendrites Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 50) Which of the following structures is labeled C in the diagram? a) axon terminal b) trigger zone c) cell body d) peripheral process e) dendrites Answer: c Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 51) Which of the following structures is labeled D in the diagram? a) axon terminal b) trigger zone c) cell body d) peripheral process e) dendrites Answer: b Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 52) Which of the following structures is labeled E in the diagram? a) axon terminal b) trigger zone c) cell body d) axon e) dendrites Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 53) Which of the following types of neurons is the most common type of neuron found in the brain and spinal cord? a) bipolar neuron b) multipolar neuron c) unipolar neuron d) nonpolar neuron e) pseudounipolar Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 54) Which of the following types of neurons have one axon and one dendrite emerging from the cell body and are found in the retina of the eye, inner ear, and olfactory region of the brain? a) bipolar neuron b) multipolar neuron c) unipolar neuron d) nonpolar neuron e) pseudounipolar Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 55) Which of the following types of neurons is exclusively found in the cerebellum? a) bipolar neuron b) multipolar neuron c) Purkinje cells d) unipolar neuron e) pyramidal cells Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 56) What specific type of unipolar neuron is shown in the diagram labeled B? a) Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Merkel disc) b) Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle) c) Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle d) nociceptor e) Purkinje cell Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 57) Which of the labeled cells in the figure is NOT a neuroglial cell? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) F Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 58) Which of the labeled cells in the diagram is a neuroglial cell that forms and maintains the myelin sheath around CNS axons? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) F Answer: a Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 59) Which of the labeled cells in the diagram is a neuroglial cell that forms and maintains the myelin sheath around CNS axons? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) F Answer: a Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 60) Which of the labeled cells in the diagram is a neuroglial cell that removes debris and acts as a phagocyte? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) F Answer: b Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 61) Which of the labeled cells in the diagram is a neuroglial cell that produces and assists in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) F Answer: e Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 62) Name the type of membrane channel that randomly opens and closes and is found in dendrites, cell bodies, and axons of all types of neurons. a) leakage channel b) ligand-gated channel c) mechanically gated channel d) voltage-gated channel e) pressure-sensitive channel Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.2 Compare the basic types of ion channels, and explain how they relate to graded potentials and action potentials. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 63) Name the type of membrane channel that opens in response to chemical binding and is found in dendrites of some sensory receptors like pain receptors, and in the dendrites and cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons. a) leakage channel b) ligand-gated channels c) mechanically gated channels d) voltage-gated channels e) pressure-sensitive channel Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.2 Compare the basic types of ion channels, and explain how they relate to graded potentials and action potentials. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 64) Name the type of membrane channel that opens in response to touch, pressure, vibration, or tissue stretching and is found in the auditory receptors of the ear, and in touch and pressure receptors in the skin. a) leakage channel b) ligand-gated channels c) mechanically gated channels d) voltage-gated channels e) temperature-sensitive channel Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.2 Compare the basic types of ion channels, and explain how they relate to graded potentials and action potentials. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 65) Name the type of membrane channel that opens in response to changes in membrane potential and is located in axons of all types of neurons. a) leakage channel b) ligand-gated channels c) mechanically gated channels d) voltage-gated channels e) temperature-sensitive channel Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.2 Compare the basic types of ion channels, and explain how they relate to graded potentials and action potentials. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 66) Chromatolysis refers to a) break up of lysosomes after neural injury. b) Wallerian degeneration after neural injury. c) plasticity of neuron. d) break up of Nissl bodies after neural injury. e) none of these choices Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.7 Explain neurogenesis and the events involved in damage and repair of peripheral nerves. Study Objective 2: SO 12.7.2 Describe the events involved in damage and repair of peripheral nerves. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.7 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous Tissue 67) Wallerian degeneration refers to a) degeneration of the proximal end of axon and myelin sheath after neural injury. b) degeneration of the distal end of axon and myelin sheath after neural injury. c) break of Nissl bodies after neural injury. d) plasticity of neuron. e) none of these choices Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.7 Explain neurogenesis and the events involved in damage and repair of peripheral nerves. Study Objective 2: SO 12.7.2 Describe the events involved in damage and repair of peripheral nerves. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.7 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous Tissue Question type: Essay 68) Describe the difference between spatial and temporal summation in a postsynaptic neuron. Answer: Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.4 Describe signal transmission at a chemical synapse, summation, and excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Study Objective 2: SO 12.4.2 Distinguish between spatial and temporal summation. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.4 Signal Transmission at Synapses Solution: Spatial summation is summation of postsynaptic potentials in response to stimuli that occur at different locations in the membrane of a postsynaptic cell at the same time. This typically occurs when multiple presynaptic neurons synapse with one postsynaptic neuron and fire simultaneously. Temporal summation is summation of postsynaptic potentials in response to stimuli that occur at the same location in the membrane of the postsynaptic cell but at different times. This typically occurs when one presynaptic neuron fires in rapid succession leading to a summing of the resulting EPSPs, which then triggers the generation of action potentials in the postsynaptic neuron as it moves above threshold. Question type: Multiple Choice 69) Hearing your cell phone ring in an otherwise quiet lecture hall is an example of which of the following types of nervous system functions? a) Sensory function b) Integrative function c) Motor function d) More than one of the types of nervous system functions e) None of the types of nervous system functions Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 12.1 Describe the structures and basic functions of the nervous system. Study Objective 2: SO 12.1.2 Describe the three basic functions of the nervous system. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.1 Overview of the Nervous System 70) Which of the following types of electrical signals allow rapid long-distance communication within the nervous system? a) resting potential b) nerve action potential c) muscle action potential d) graded potential e) long-term potentiation Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.1 Describe the cellular properties that permit communication among neurons and effectors. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 71) In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of _____ across the membrane. a) electrons b) protons c) ions d) free radicals e) neutrons Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.1 Describe the cellular properties that permit communication among neurons and effectors. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 72) In the process of spatial summation, _____ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron. a) EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials b) IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials c) EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials d) IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs e) EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.4 Describe signal transmission at a chemical synapse, summation, and excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Study Objective 2: SO 12.4.2 Distinguish between spatial and temporal summation. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.4 Signal Transmission at Synapses 73) In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it a) stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover. b) fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold. c) fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential. d) recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire. e) runs out of neurotransmitter. Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.4 Describe signal transmission at a chemical synapse, summation, and excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Study Objective 2: SO 12.4.2 Distinguish between spatial and temporal summation. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.4 Signal Transmission at Synapses 74) Which of the following neurotransmitters are used in virtually all of the inhibitory synapses found in the spinal cord? a) gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholine b) gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine c) epinephrine and norepinephrine d) serotonin and melatonin e) glutamate and aspartate Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.4 Describe signal transmission at a chemical synapse, summation, and excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Study Objective 2: SO 12.4.3 Give examples of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, and describe how they act. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.4 Signal Transmission at Synapses 75) Which type of depression results in an individual with a manic-depressive illness. a) major depression. b) dysthymia. c) bipolar disorder. d) seasonal affective disorder. e) all of these disorders. Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.8 Describe the disorders that affect nervous tissue. Section Reference 1: Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances that Affect Nervous Tissue