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Name: ________________________ Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11th ed. Chapter 10: Nervous System I Chapter 10: Nervous System I I. General Functions of the Nervous System A. The nervous system is composed predominately of ______________________ tissue, but also includes __________________________________________________________ B. Two cell types of nervous tissue are ________________________________________ C. Neurons are specialized to________________________________________________ D. Dendrites are __________________________________________________________ E. Axons are _____________________________________________________________ F. Nerve impulses are _____________________________________________________ G. Bundles of axons are called ______________________________________________ H. Small space between a neuron and the cell(s) with which it communicates is called a ________________________________________________________________________ I. Neurotransmitters are ____________________________________________________ J. The central nervous system contains ________________________________________ K. The peripheral nervous system contains _____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ L. Three general functions of the nervous system are _____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ M. Sensory receptors are located _____________________________________________ and provide ______________________________________________________________ N. Receptors gather _______________________________________________________ O. Receptors convert their information into _______________________ , which are then transmitted over ____________________________ to ____________________________ P. In the central nervous system, the signals are _________________________________ Q. Following integration, ___________________________________________ are made and acted upon by _________________________________________________________ R. The motor functions of the nervous system use neurons to carry impulses from the central nervous system to ___________________________________________________ 565326213 10-1 Name: ________________________ S. Examples of effectors are ________________________________________________ T. The two divisions of the motor division are __________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ U. The somatic nervous system is involved in __________________________________ V. The autonomic nervous system is involved in ________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ W. The nervous system can detect ___________________, make __________________ , and stimulate ____________________________________________________ to respond. X. The three parts all neurons have are ________________________________________ Y. A neuron’s cell body contains _____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Z. Neurofibrils are ________________________________________________________ AA. Chromatophilic substance is ____________________________________________ BB. Mature neurons generally do not _____________________ but neural stem cells do. CC. Dendrites are usually highly _____________________________________________ to provide _______________________________________________________________ DD. Dendritic spines are ___________________________________________________ EE. A neuron may have many dendrites but will have only one _____________________ FF. An axonal hillock is ____________________________________________________ GG. An axon is specialized to carry __________________________________________ HH. The cytoplasm of an axon includes _______________________________________ II. Collaterals are _________________________________________________________ JJ. A synaptic knob is______________________________________________________ KK. A synaptic cleft is _____________________________________________________ LL. Axonal transport is ____________________________________________________ MM. Schwann cells produce ________________________________________________ NN. Myelin is____________________________________________________________ OO. A myelin sheath is ____________________________________________________ PP. A neurilemma is ______________________________________________________ QQ. A node of Ranvier is __________________________________________________ RR. Myelinated axons have _________________________________________________ 565326213 10-2 Name: ________________________ SS. Unmyelinated axons have _______________________________________________ TT. White matter is composed of ____________________________________________ UU. Gray matter is composed of _____________________________________________ II. Classification of Neurons A. Classification of Neurons 1. The three major classifications of neurons based on structural differences are __________________________________________________________________ 2. Bipolar neurons have ________________________ processes; one process is a ________________________ and the other an ___________________________ 3. Bipolar neurons are found __________________________________________ 4. Unipolar neurons have ______________________________________ process, which functions as an ________________________________________________ 5. The peripheral process of a unipolar neuron is __________________________ and a central process is _______________________________________________ 6. Unipolar neurons are located ________________________________________ 7. Multipolar neurons have _________________ dendrites and __________ axon. 8. Multipolar neurons are located ______________________________________ 9. The three classes of neurons based on functional differences are ____________ __________________________________________________________________ 10. Sensory neurons carry nerve impulses from ___________________________ into ______________________________________________________________ 11. Sensory neurons have specialized _____________________ at the distal ends of their dendrites. 12. Most sensory neurons are _________________ but some are _____________ 13. Interneurons are located ___________________________________________ 14. Interneurons are _________________________________________________ and form links between _______________________________________________ 15. Motor neurons carry nerve impulses from _____________________________ to ________________________________________________________________ 16. Motor neurons that control skeletal muscle are under _____________ control. 17. Motor neurons that control_________________________________________ 565326213 10-3 Name: ________________________ are under involuntary control. B. Classification of Neuroglial Cells 1. In the embryo, neuroglial cells guide __________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Neuroglial cells also produce ________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________ and __________________ are the two types of neuroglia cells found in the peripheral nervous system 4. ___________________cells produce the myelin found on peripheral myelinated neurons. 5. ___________________cells support clusters of neuron cell bodies called ganglia, found in the PNS. 6. The four neuroglial cells of the central nervous system are ________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. Astrocytes are______________________________________________ shaped and are commonly found between ______________________________________ 8. Astrocytes provide ________________________________________________ 9. Astrocytes aid metabolism of________________________________________ 10. Astrocytes respond to injury of _____________________________________ and form __________________________________________________________ 11. Astrocytes play a role in the blood-brain barrier which __________________ __________________________________________________________________ 12. Oligodendrocytes occur in _________________________________________ and form __________________________________________________________ 13. Unlike Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes do not form ____________________ 14. Microglia function to _____________________________________________ 15. Ependyma form the inner lining of _____________________________ of the spinal cord and ___________________________________________ of the brain. 16. _____________________________________ join ependymal cells together. 17. Ependymal cells form a _________________ layer through which substances diffuse freely between ________________________________________________ 565326213 10-4 Name: ________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 18. Covering the choroids plexus, ependymal cells also regulate ______________ __________________________________________________________________ 565326213 10-5 Name: ________________________ C. Regeneration of Nerve Axons 1. Injury to a neuron cell body usually _________________________the neuron, but damaged peripheral axons usually ___________________________________ 2. If a peripheral axon is separated from its cell body, the distal portion of the axon ____________________________________________ but the proximal end of the axon_________________________________________________________ 3. Growth of a regenerating axon is _________________________ but eventually the new axon may reestablish __________________________________________ 4. Axons within the central nervous system do not regenerate because _________ __________________________________________________________________ III. The Synapse A. Introduction 1. Synapses are _____________________________________________________ 2. A presynaptic neuron is ____________________________________________ 3. A postsynaptic neuron is ___________________________________________ 4. Synaptic transmission is ____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. A nerve impulse travels along an axon to ______________________________ 6. The synaptic knobs of axons contain sacs called _________________________ 7. Synaptic vesicles contain ___________________________________________ 8. When a nerve impulse reaches a synaptic knob, _________________________ diffuses inward from _________________________________________________ 9. The calcium inside the synaptic knob initiates __________________________ __________________________________________________________________ B. Synaptic Transmission 1. Released neurotransmitters diffuse across ______________________________ and react with ____________________ that form structures called _______________ in or on the______________________ neuron membrane. 2. Some neurotransmitters cause ion channels to _________________________ , some cause ion channels to ____________________________________________ 3. Synaptic potentials are _____________________________________________ 565326213 10-6 Name: ________________________ C. Synaptic Potentials 1. Synaptic potentials can__________________or ______________________ the receiving cell membrane. 2. An excitatory postsynaptic potential is ________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential is ________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 565326213 10-7 Name: ________________________ 4. Within the brain and spinal cord, each neuron may receive the synaptic knobs of _____________________________________________________________ on its __________________________________________________________________ 5. The ___________________________________________________ determines whether an action potential results. D. Neurotransmitters 1. The nervous system produces at least ___________________ different kinds of neurotransmitters. 2. Acetylcholine stimulates ___________________________________________ 3. Examples of monoamines are _______________________________________ 4. Examples of unmodified amino acids that act as neurotransmitters are _______ __________________________________________________________________ 5. Examples of peptides are ___________________________________________ 6. Peptide neurotransmitters are synthesized in the ________________________ of the neuron cell bodies and transported in ________________ down the axon to the nerve terminal. 7. The more ________________________ that enters the synaptic knob, the more __________________________________________________________________ 8. After a vesicle releases its neurotransmitter, it becomes ___________________ __________________________________________________________________ 9. The enzyme acetlycholinesterase functions to ___________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10. The process of reuptake is _________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 11. Monoamine oxidase functions to ____________________________________ E. Neuropeptides 1. Neuropeptides are ________________________________________________ 2. Three examples of neuropeptides are _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. Enkephalins function to ____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 565326213 10-8 Name: ________________________ 4. Endorphins function to _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. The function of substance P is _______________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ IV. Cell Membrane Potential A. Introduction 1. Polarized means __________________________________________________ 2. When a cell membrane is polarized, the inside is ________________________ charged with respect to the outside. 3. The polarization of a cell membrane is due to ___________________________ __________________________________________________________________ B. Distribution of Ions 1. ________________________________ are the major intracellular positive ion and ____________________________________are the major extracellular cation. 2. The distribution of potassium and sodium is largely created by _____________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. The passage of potassium and sodium ions through the cell membrane depend on _______________________________________________________________ C. Resting Potential 1. A resting nerve cell is _____________________________________________ 2. At rest, a cell membrane gets a slight surplus of positive charges and inside reflects a slight negative surplus of impermeable negatively charged ions because __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 565326213 10-9 Name: ________________________ 3. The cell uses ATP to actively transport ________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. Volts are ________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. A volt is called a potential difference because___________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. The membrane potential is __________________________________________ and is measured in ___________________________________________________ 7. Resting potential is ________________________________________________ and has a value of ___________________________________________________ 8. The negative sign of a resting membrane potential is relative to ____________ ___________________________ and is due to ___________________________ D. Local Potential Changes 1. Neurons are described as excitable because ____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Stimuli on neurons usually affect ____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. The stimulus affects the membrane potential of a neuron by _______________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. A membrane is hyperpolarized if _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. A membrane is depolarized if _______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. Local potential changes are graded meaning ____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. A threshold potential is ____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ E. Action Potentials 1. The trigger zone of an axon is _______________________________________ 2. The trigger zone contains ___________________________________________ 3. At the resting membrane potential, sodium channels are __________ but when 565326213 10-10 Name: ________________________ threshold is reached, sodium channels ___________________________________ 4. As sodium ions rush into the cell, the __________________________ changes and temporarily becomes _____________________________________________ 5. When sodium channels close and potassium channels open, potassium diffuses ________________________________ across the membrane and the inside of the membrane becomes ______________________________________ charged again. 6. Repolarized means ________________________________________________ 7. _________________ are capable of action potentials but__________________are not. 8. A nerve impulse is ________________________________________________ F. All-or-None Response 1. A nerve impulse is an _____________________ response, meaning if a neuron responds at all to a nerve impulse, it responds _____________________________ 2. A greater intensity of stimulation on the neuron produces more _____________ __________________________, but not ________________________________ G. Refractory Period 1. The refractory period is ____________________________________________ 2. An absolute refractory period is ______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. A relative refractory period is _______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. The refractory period limits _________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ H. Impulse Conduction 1. Myelin serves as __________________________________________________ 2. Saltatory conduction is _____________________________________________ 3. __________________________________axons exhibit salutatory conduction. 565326213 10-11 Name: ________________________ 4. ____________________________________ axons send nerve impulses faster than ________________________________________________________ axons. 5. The diameter of an axon also affects __________________________________ V. Impulse Processing A. Neuronal Pools 1. Neuronal pools are ________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Neuronal pools may have __________________ or ________________ effects on other pools or ____________________________________________________ 3. Facilitation is ____________________________________________________ B. Convergence 1. Axons originating from _____________ parts of the nervous system leading to _________________________________________________ exhibit convergence. 2. Convergence allows _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ C. Divergence 1. Axons may branch ________________________________________________ 2. Impulses leaving a neuron of a neuronal pool may exhibit divergence by _____ __________________________________________________________________ 3. Diverging axons can ______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 565326213 10-12