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Chapter 9
Nervous System
Objectives
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Name the 2 ____________ of the nervous system and list the __________________ of each
Describe 3 _____________ of the nervous system
Describe _______ types of _____________ cells
Label all parts of a ___________ and explain the _________________ of each part
Explain 6 _________________ of neurons
Describe 3 types of _________________
Identify structures & functions of the _____________________
Label the structures of the ______________ and list the _______________ of each
List functions for all parts of the _______________________________
Explain how ________________ are grouped
Introduction:
A. The nervous system is composed of ___________ and
________________.
1.
Neurons transmit _______________
along ___________________ to other neurons.
2.
_______________ are made up of
bundles of nerve fibers.
3.
___________________ carry out a
variety of functions to ____________________
components of the nervous system.
B. Organs of the nervous system can be divided into the
____________________ ______________ (CNS), made up
of the ______________________________, and the
__________________________ (PNS), made up of
_______________________ that connect the __________ to the
___________
________________.
C. The nervous system provides ___________________________
functions to the body.
1.
_________________________ can be divided
into the __________________ controlled
____________________________ and the _________________
___________ ___________________.
General Functions of the Nervous System
A. ___________________ at the ends of __________________
gather information and convert it into
_________________________.
B. When _________________ are integrated in the brain as
________________, this is the _________________________ of
the nervous system.
C. ______________ or _________________ decisions follow,
leading to _______________ via ___________________.
 Neuron Structure
A.
A neuron has a ________________ with
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________
B.
Nerve fibers include a ___________ ________ and
______________________
1.
Branching dendrites carry _____________ from
other neurons (or from ________________) toward the
____________________.
2.
The axon ______________ the impulse away from
the _______________ of the _____________________ and may
give off side branches.
3.
___________ axons are enclosed by sheaths of
_____________ provided by _____________________ and are
myelinated fibers.
a.
The outer layer of myelin is surrounded by a
____________ (__________ ____________) made up of the
__________ and _______________ of the Schwann cell.
b.
______________________ in the myelin
sheath between Schwann cells are called
____________________________.
4.
The ________________ axons lack a myelin sheath
and are ________________________________.
5.
_______________________ in the ___________ is
due to ____________________________ in this area.
6.
_________________________ nerve tissue in the
_____ appears ________.
7.
Peripheral neurons are able to ___________
because of the ____________, but the CNS axons are myelinated
by __________________________, thus lacking
______________________, and usually ____ _________
regenerate.
Classififcation of Neurons
A.
Neurons can be grouped in two ways: on the basis of
___________________ differences
(___________________________ ______________________
neurons), and by ______________________ differences
(____________________________________ neurons).
B.
Classification of Neurons
1. ________________ neurons are found in the
_______________________ and have a
________________________ and a _________________________
extending from _____________________ of the cell body.
2. _________________ neurons are found in
_________________ outside the _________ and have an
____________ and a ______________ arising from a
___________ ____________ extending from the cell body.
3. ______________ neurons have
______________________ arising from their cell bodies and are
commonly found in ____________________________________.
4. ______________ neurons
(________________neurons) conduct impulses
from
_______________________ to the __________ and are usually
__________, although some are ______________ neurons.
5. _____________________ are ________________
neurons lying within the ________ that form __________ between
other neurons.
6.
______________ neurons are ______________
neurons that __________________________ from the CNS to
_________________.
 The Synapse
A.
Nerve impulses ________________ from _____________
to ____________ along
____________________________________.
B.
The _________________ between two
_________________________ is called a ______________; there
exists a __________ ________________ between them across
which the impulse must be ______________.
C.
Synaptic Transmission
1.
The process by which the impulse in the
__________________ neuron is ___________________ across the
synaptic cleft to the _____________________ neuron is called
_____________________________.
2.
When an impulse reaches the
_____________________ of an axon, ___________________
release ________________ into the _______________________.
3.
The neurotransmitter reacts with
________________ on the _______________________________.
D.
Excitatory & Inhibitory Actions
1.
Neurotransmitters that increase
__________________________________________________ to
_____________ may trigger impulses and are thus
_____________________.
2.
Other neurotransmitters may decrease
_____________________________ to __________________,
________________ the chance that it will reach _____________,
and are thus _______________________.
3.
The _______________ on the _________________
depends on which _________________________ are activated.
E.
Neurotransmitters
1.
At least _______ kinds of _____________________
are produced by the __________________________, most of
which are ___________________ in the _______________ of the
________________ and stored in _________________________.
2. When an _________________ reaches the synaptic
knob, _______________ ions rush _______________ and, in
response, some synaptic vesicles __________ with the membrane
and release ___________ ____________ to the
__________________.
3. _______________ in _______ ___________ and on
___________________ rapidly ____________________ the
_____________________ after their release.
4.
______________________ or ________________
of neurotransmitter prevents
_____________________________ of the
______________________ neuron.
 Nerve Pathways
A.
The _____________ nerve impulses ____________ are
called _______________, the simplest of which is a
_______________.
B.
Reflex Arcs
1.
A reflex arc includes a ________________, a
__________________, an _________________ in the
____________ _______, a ___________________, and an
___________________.
C.
Reflex Behavior
1.
Reflexes are _____________,
___________________ responses to stimuli that help maintain
______________________ (_______________,
____________________, etc.) and carry out
___________________ (_____________________________, etc).
2.
The ________________ reflex
(___________________ reflex) is an example of a
____________________________ (________________________).
3.
The ________________ reflex involves
______________________ neurons, _____________________,
and ___________ neurons.
a.
At the same time, the
_________________________________ are ___________.
 Meninges
A.
The ____________ and _________ _____________ are
surrounded by membranes called _______________ that lie
between the __________ and the _________ ____________.
B.
The __________________________ is made up of
_________________________ __________________, contains
many _____ ________________, and is called the
________________________.
1.
It forms the ______________ ______________of
the _________________.
2.
In some areas, the dura mater forms
_________________ between _______ of the brain, and in others,
it forms ________ ______________.
3.
The ___________ around the spinal cord is
separated from the __________ by an
_______________________________.
C.
The ______________________, the
___________________, is ________ and lacks
______________________________.
1.
It _________________ follow the
_______________________ of the brain.
2.
Between the arachnoid and pia maters is a
________________________ containing
___________________________.
D.
The __________________________ is _________ and
contains _______________
____________________________________.
1.
It is _____________________
__________________ of ________________ _________________
and follows their _________________________.
 Spinal Cord
A.
The spinal cord begins at the _____ _________________
and extends as a ______________________ to the level of the
__________________________ between the
_____________________________________ vertebrae.
B.
Structure of the Spinal Cord
1.
The spinal cord consists of ___________________,
each of which gives rise to a ___________________________.
2.
A _______________________ gives rise to nerves
leading to the _________ _____________, and a
__________________ gives rise to those innervating the
________________________.
3.
Two deep ________________
______________(______________________ _____and
____________________________) divide the cord into
_____________________ halves.
4.
___________________, made up of bundles of
_______________________ (_______________), surrounds a
butterfly-shaped core of _________________ housing
________________.
5.
A ________________canal contains
_____________________________.
C.
Functions of the Spinal Cord
1.
The spinal cord has ________ major functions:
_______________________ ____________________, and
____________ ____________________________________.
2.
___________ carrying sensory information
________________________ are called _____________________;
___________________________ carry motor information
___________________________.
3.
The names that identify tracts are based on the
________________________________________ of the fibers in
the tract.
4.
Many ____________________ also pass through
the ___________________
 The Brain
A.
The __________ is the _________,
__________________ portion of the ______________________,
containing about _____________________________ neurons.
B.
The brain can be divided into the
____________________ (______________ portion and associated
with ______________ _______________), the
_________________ (___________________________________),
the ___________________ (_____________
____________________), and the ____________________
(________________________
____________________________________).
C.
Structure of the Cerebrum
1.
The cerebrum is the ____________ portion of the
___________ brain, consisting of two _______________________.
2.
A _______________ of nerve fibers called the
__________________ connects the hemispheres.
3.
The surface of the brain is marked by
__________________________________.
4.
The _________ of the brain are named according to
the ________ they ____________ and include the ___________
lobe, ______________ lobe, _____________ lobe,
________________ lobe, and __________.
5.
A thin layer of ____________, the
_______________________, lies on the outside of the cerebrum
and contains ______ of the _____________ in the nervous system.
6.
_____________ the cortex lies a mass of
__________________ made up of _________________ nerve
fibers connecting the __________________________________
with the _______________ nervous system.
D.
Functions of the Cerebrum
1.
The cerebrum provides ______________________,
such as ________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
____________________________
2.
Functional Regions of the Cerebral Cortex
a. The functional areas of the brain ___________, but
the cortex can generally be divided into _____________________
____________________________________.
b.
The __________________________ lie in the
____________________, anterior to the ___________________
and in its _______________ wall.
c.
________________, anterior to the
_________________________, coordinates
______________________ to make _________________________
d.
Above Broca's area is the
_______________________ that controls the
_______________________________________
e.
The __________________________ are
located in several areas of the cerebrum and _________________
______________________, producing
____________________________________.
f.
Sensory areas for ____________ lie within the
____________________________.
g.
Sensory and motor fibers alike ____________
______________ in the _________________ or _______________
so centers in the _______________________________ are
interpreting or controlling the ____________ of the body, and
______________________.
h.
The various ___________________ of the
brain ___________________________ sensory impulses and
function in ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
i.
Association areas of the _________ lobe
control a number of higher ______________________________
______________________________________.
j.
A general _____________________ is found
at the junction of the
_________________________________________, and plays the
primary role in complex
____________________________________.
3. Hemisphere Dominance
a.
___________ cerebral hemispheres function in
____________________________ sensory input and ___________
motor impulses to the ________________________ of the body.
b.
Most people exhibit ______________________________
for the language-related activities of _____________________
_____________________________________
c.
The left hemisphere is ___________ in _______ of the
population, although some individuals have the __________
hemisphere as dominant, and others show ___________
_________________ in ______ hemispheres.
d.
The __________________________ hemisphere
specializes in ________________ functions and controls
__________________
_____________________________________
e.
The ________________ are masses of _______________
located deep within the cerebral hemispheres that relay motor
impulses from the ______________________ and help to control
_____________________ by producing inhibitory
__________________
f.
Basal ganglia include the __________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
E. Ventricles & Cerebrospinal Fluid
1.
The _____________________ are a series of
______________________________ within the cerebral
hemispheres and _______ _____________
2.
The ventricles are ______________ with the
____________________ of the _________________________,
and are filled with ________________________________.
3.
____________________________, specialized
____________________ from the ____________________,
secrete cerebrospinal fluid.
a.
Most cerebrospinal fluid arises in the
_______________________________.
4.
Cerebrospinal fluid has __________ as well as
____________ (______________) functions.
F. Diencephalon
1.
The _____________________ lies above the
______________________ and contains the
________________________ ______________________________
2.
Other portions of the
diencephalon are the _________________________________
(attachment for ______________________), the ______________
______________________________________________________
____________________
3.
The _____________________ functions in
___________________________ sensory information arriving from
other parts of the nervous system, performing the services of both
________________________
4.
The __________________________ maintains
__________________________ by regulating a wide variety of
__________________________________ and by linking the
_______________________ with the ________________________
a.
The hypothalamus regulates
______________________ and
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
5.
The ____________________, in the area of the
diencephalon, controls ______________________________
___________________.
a.
By generating _________________________
feelings about experiences, the limbic system guides behavior that
may __________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
G.
The Brain Stem
1.
The ____________________, consisting of the
_______________________ __________________________, lies
at the _____________ of the cerebrum, and connects the
__________ to the __________ ___________.
2.
The Midbrain
a.
The ______________, located between the
_______________________ and ___________, contains bundles
of myelinated nerve fibers that _______________________ to and
from _________________________ of the brain, and masses of
gray matter that serve as __________________________.
b.
The midbrain contains centers for
__________________________________ reflexes.
3.
The Pons
a.
The ________, lying between the _____________
and ______________ _______________, transmits impulses
between the _______ and _______________, and contains centers
that regulate the _____
_____________________________________
4.
The Medulla Oblongata
a.
The _____________________ transmits all
____________________ and _____________________ impulses
between the _________________________________.
b.
The medulla oblongata also houses ___________
that control _____________________, including the
__________________________ that controls ____________, the
__________________________ for ________________________,
and the _________________________________ that works, along
with the pons, to control the
_____________________________________
c.
Other ______________ in the medulla oblongata
are associated with
______________________________________________________
___________________.
5.
Reticular Formation
a.
Throughout the ___________ _______________,
___________________, _______________, _________________,
and ______________________, is a complex network of
____________________________ connecting tiny islands of
_______________; this network is the _____________________.
b.
________________ activity in the reticular
formation results in __________; ___________________ activity
results in ____________________.
c.
The reticular formation _____________ incoming
sensory impulses.
H.
Cerebellum
1.
The ___________________ is made up of
___________________________ connected by a
___________________.
2.
A ________ layer of ________ _____________
called the _______________ _____________ lies outside a core of
_______________________.
3.
The cerebellum communicates with other parts of
the __________________ ___________________ through
____________________________.
4.
The cerebellum functions to
____________________________________ about the
_____________________________ and coordinates
_______________________ _____________ and
___________________.
 Peripheral Nervous System
A.
The peripheral nervous system (_________) consists of
the ______________ and _______________________ that arise
from the central nervous system and ______
____________________________________.
B.
The PNS is made up of the _______
___________________ that oversees
_____________________________, and the
_________________________________ that
____________________________________.
C.
Cranial Nerves
1.
____________ pairs of cranial nerves arise from the
_________________ of the brain, most of which are
_____________.
2.
The 12 pairs are designated by
_______________________________ and include the
___________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
_________________________________ nerves.
D.
Spinal Nerves
1.
__________________ pairs of ___________ nerves
make up the spinal nerves.
2.
Spinal nerves are __________ according to the
_______________________ ________________ and are
______________ ______________________, beginning with those
in the __________________________.
3.
Each spinal nerve arises from
__________________: a ______________, or ______________
root, and a __________, or ___________________ root.
4.
The _____________________ of some spinal
nerves form ______________.
5.
Cervical Plexuses
a.
The cervical plexuses lie on
__________________ of the
__________ and
_________________________________
6.
Brachial Plexuses
a.
The brachial plexuses arise from
_________________________ and _______________________
nerves and lead to the _______________________________.
7.
Lumbrosacral Plexuses
a.
The lumbrosacral plexuses arise from the
_________________ ____________ and lead to the ___________
______________________________________________________
____________________
 Autonomic Nervous System
A.
The autonomic nervous system has the task of
____________________________
______________________________________________________
____________________
B.
General Characteristics
1.
The autonomic nervous system includes
____________________________: the _____________ and
____________________ divisions, which exert _____________
_____________ on ___________________________.
a.
The parasympathetic division operates under
______________________________________.
b.
The sympathetic division operates under
_______________________________________________
______________________________.