* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 9
Haemodynamic response wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease wikipedia , lookup
Executive functions wikipedia , lookup
Neural oscillation wikipedia , lookup
Artificial general intelligence wikipedia , lookup
Lateralization of brain function wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
Caridoid escape reaction wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychology wikipedia , lookup
Neural coding wikipedia , lookup
Mirror neuron wikipedia , lookup
Human brain wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Activity-dependent plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Neuroplasticity wikipedia , lookup
Axon guidance wikipedia , lookup
Single-unit recording wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Neurotransmitter wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Neural engineering wikipedia , lookup
Synaptogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Metastability in the brain wikipedia , lookup
Central pattern generator wikipedia , lookup
Anatomy of the cerebellum wikipedia , lookup
Premovement neuronal activity wikipedia , lookup
Pre-Bötzinger complex wikipedia , lookup
Microneurography wikipedia , lookup
Optogenetics wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Stimulus (physiology) wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Synaptic gating wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
Channelrhodopsin wikipedia , lookup
Neuroregeneration wikipedia , lookup
Chapter 9 Nervous System Objectives • • • • • • • • • • Name the 2 ____________ of the nervous system and list the __________________ of each Describe 3 _____________ of the nervous system Describe _______ types of _____________ cells Label all parts of a ___________ and explain the _________________ of each part Explain 6 _________________ of neurons Describe 3 types of _________________ Identify structures & functions of the _____________________ Label the structures of the ______________ and list the _______________ of each List functions for all parts of the _______________________________ Explain how ________________ are grouped Introduction: A. The nervous system is composed of ___________ and ________________. 1. Neurons transmit _______________ along ___________________ to other neurons. 2. _______________ are made up of bundles of nerve fibers. 3. ___________________ carry out a variety of functions to ____________________ components of the nervous system. B. Organs of the nervous system can be divided into the ____________________ ______________ (CNS), made up of the ______________________________, and the __________________________ (PNS), made up of _______________________ that connect the __________ to the ___________ ________________. C. The nervous system provides ___________________________ functions to the body. 1. _________________________ can be divided into the __________________ controlled ____________________________ and the _________________ ___________ ___________________. General Functions of the Nervous System A. ___________________ at the ends of __________________ gather information and convert it into _________________________. B. When _________________ are integrated in the brain as ________________, this is the _________________________ of the nervous system. C. ______________ or _________________ decisions follow, leading to _______________ via ___________________. Neuron Structure A. A neuron has a ________________ with ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________ B. Nerve fibers include a ___________ ________ and ______________________ 1. Branching dendrites carry _____________ from other neurons (or from ________________) toward the ____________________. 2. The axon ______________ the impulse away from the _______________ of the _____________________ and may give off side branches. 3. ___________ axons are enclosed by sheaths of _____________ provided by _____________________ and are myelinated fibers. a. The outer layer of myelin is surrounded by a ____________ (__________ ____________) made up of the __________ and _______________ of the Schwann cell. b. ______________________ in the myelin sheath between Schwann cells are called ____________________________. 4. The ________________ axons lack a myelin sheath and are ________________________________. 5. _______________________ in the ___________ is due to ____________________________ in this area. 6. _________________________ nerve tissue in the _____ appears ________. 7. Peripheral neurons are able to ___________ because of the ____________, but the CNS axons are myelinated by __________________________, thus lacking ______________________, and usually ____ _________ regenerate. Classififcation of Neurons A. Neurons can be grouped in two ways: on the basis of ___________________ differences (___________________________ ______________________ neurons), and by ______________________ differences (____________________________________ neurons). B. Classification of Neurons 1. ________________ neurons are found in the _______________________ and have a ________________________ and a _________________________ extending from _____________________ of the cell body. 2. _________________ neurons are found in _________________ outside the _________ and have an ____________ and a ______________ arising from a ___________ ____________ extending from the cell body. 3. ______________ neurons have ______________________ arising from their cell bodies and are commonly found in ____________________________________. 4. ______________ neurons (________________neurons) conduct impulses from _______________________ to the __________ and are usually __________, although some are ______________ neurons. 5. _____________________ are ________________ neurons lying within the ________ that form __________ between other neurons. 6. ______________ neurons are ______________ neurons that __________________________ from the CNS to _________________. The Synapse A. Nerve impulses ________________ from _____________ to ____________ along ____________________________________. B. The _________________ between two _________________________ is called a ______________; there exists a __________ ________________ between them across which the impulse must be ______________. C. Synaptic Transmission 1. The process by which the impulse in the __________________ neuron is ___________________ across the synaptic cleft to the _____________________ neuron is called _____________________________. 2. When an impulse reaches the _____________________ of an axon, ___________________ release ________________ into the _______________________. 3. The neurotransmitter reacts with ________________ on the _______________________________. D. Excitatory & Inhibitory Actions 1. Neurotransmitters that increase __________________________________________________ to _____________ may trigger impulses and are thus _____________________. 2. Other neurotransmitters may decrease _____________________________ to __________________, ________________ the chance that it will reach _____________, and are thus _______________________. 3. The _______________ on the _________________ depends on which _________________________ are activated. E. Neurotransmitters 1. At least _______ kinds of _____________________ are produced by the __________________________, most of which are ___________________ in the _______________ of the ________________ and stored in _________________________. 2. When an _________________ reaches the synaptic knob, _______________ ions rush _______________ and, in response, some synaptic vesicles __________ with the membrane and release ___________ ____________ to the __________________. 3. _______________ in _______ ___________ and on ___________________ rapidly ____________________ the _____________________ after their release. 4. ______________________ or ________________ of neurotransmitter prevents _____________________________ of the ______________________ neuron. Nerve Pathways A. The _____________ nerve impulses ____________ are called _______________, the simplest of which is a _______________. B. Reflex Arcs 1. A reflex arc includes a ________________, a __________________, an _________________ in the ____________ _______, a ___________________, and an ___________________. C. Reflex Behavior 1. Reflexes are _____________, ___________________ responses to stimuli that help maintain ______________________ (_______________, ____________________, etc.) and carry out ___________________ (_____________________________, etc). 2. The ________________ reflex (___________________ reflex) is an example of a ____________________________ (________________________). 3. The ________________ reflex involves ______________________ neurons, _____________________, and ___________ neurons. a. At the same time, the _________________________________ are ___________. Meninges A. The ____________ and _________ _____________ are surrounded by membranes called _______________ that lie between the __________ and the _________ ____________. B. The __________________________ is made up of _________________________ __________________, contains many _____ ________________, and is called the ________________________. 1. It forms the ______________ ______________of the _________________. 2. In some areas, the dura mater forms _________________ between _______ of the brain, and in others, it forms ________ ______________. 3. The ___________ around the spinal cord is separated from the __________ by an _______________________________. C. The ______________________, the ___________________, is ________ and lacks ______________________________. 1. It _________________ follow the _______________________ of the brain. 2. Between the arachnoid and pia maters is a ________________________ containing ___________________________. D. The __________________________ is _________ and contains _______________ ____________________________________. 1. It is _____________________ __________________ of ________________ _________________ and follows their _________________________. Spinal Cord A. The spinal cord begins at the _____ _________________ and extends as a ______________________ to the level of the __________________________ between the _____________________________________ vertebrae. B. Structure of the Spinal Cord 1. The spinal cord consists of ___________________, each of which gives rise to a ___________________________. 2. A _______________________ gives rise to nerves leading to the _________ _____________, and a __________________ gives rise to those innervating the ________________________. 3. Two deep ________________ ______________(______________________ _____and ____________________________) divide the cord into _____________________ halves. 4. ___________________, made up of bundles of _______________________ (_______________), surrounds a butterfly-shaped core of _________________ housing ________________. 5. A ________________canal contains _____________________________. C. Functions of the Spinal Cord 1. The spinal cord has ________ major functions: _______________________ ____________________, and ____________ ____________________________________. 2. ___________ carrying sensory information ________________________ are called _____________________; ___________________________ carry motor information ___________________________. 3. The names that identify tracts are based on the ________________________________________ of the fibers in the tract. 4. Many ____________________ also pass through the ___________________ The Brain A. The __________ is the _________, __________________ portion of the ______________________, containing about _____________________________ neurons. B. The brain can be divided into the ____________________ (______________ portion and associated with ______________ _______________), the _________________ (___________________________________), the ___________________ (_____________ ____________________), and the ____________________ (________________________ ____________________________________). C. Structure of the Cerebrum 1. The cerebrum is the ____________ portion of the ___________ brain, consisting of two _______________________. 2. A _______________ of nerve fibers called the __________________ connects the hemispheres. 3. The surface of the brain is marked by __________________________________. 4. The _________ of the brain are named according to the ________ they ____________ and include the ___________ lobe, ______________ lobe, _____________ lobe, ________________ lobe, and __________. 5. A thin layer of ____________, the _______________________, lies on the outside of the cerebrum and contains ______ of the _____________ in the nervous system. 6. _____________ the cortex lies a mass of __________________ made up of _________________ nerve fibers connecting the __________________________________ with the _______________ nervous system. D. Functions of the Cerebrum 1. The cerebrum provides ______________________, such as ________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ____________________________ 2. Functional Regions of the Cerebral Cortex a. The functional areas of the brain ___________, but the cortex can generally be divided into _____________________ ____________________________________. b. The __________________________ lie in the ____________________, anterior to the ___________________ and in its _______________ wall. c. ________________, anterior to the _________________________, coordinates ______________________ to make _________________________ d. Above Broca's area is the _______________________ that controls the _______________________________________ e. The __________________________ are located in several areas of the cerebrum and _________________ ______________________, producing ____________________________________. f. Sensory areas for ____________ lie within the ____________________________. g. Sensory and motor fibers alike ____________ ______________ in the _________________ or _______________ so centers in the _______________________________ are interpreting or controlling the ____________ of the body, and ______________________. h. The various ___________________ of the brain ___________________________ sensory impulses and function in ____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ i. Association areas of the _________ lobe control a number of higher ______________________________ ______________________________________. j. A general _____________________ is found at the junction of the _________________________________________, and plays the primary role in complex ____________________________________. 3. Hemisphere Dominance a. ___________ cerebral hemispheres function in ____________________________ sensory input and ___________ motor impulses to the ________________________ of the body. b. Most people exhibit ______________________________ for the language-related activities of _____________________ _____________________________________ c. The left hemisphere is ___________ in _______ of the population, although some individuals have the __________ hemisphere as dominant, and others show ___________ _________________ in ______ hemispheres. d. The __________________________ hemisphere specializes in ________________ functions and controls __________________ _____________________________________ e. The ________________ are masses of _______________ located deep within the cerebral hemispheres that relay motor impulses from the ______________________ and help to control _____________________ by producing inhibitory __________________ f. Basal ganglia include the __________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ E. Ventricles & Cerebrospinal Fluid 1. The _____________________ are a series of ______________________________ within the cerebral hemispheres and _______ _____________ 2. The ventricles are ______________ with the ____________________ of the _________________________, and are filled with ________________________________. 3. ____________________________, specialized ____________________ from the ____________________, secrete cerebrospinal fluid. a. Most cerebrospinal fluid arises in the _______________________________. 4. Cerebrospinal fluid has __________ as well as ____________ (______________) functions. F. Diencephalon 1. The _____________________ lies above the ______________________ and contains the ________________________ ______________________________ 2. Other portions of the diencephalon are the _________________________________ (attachment for ______________________), the ______________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________ 3. The _____________________ functions in ___________________________ sensory information arriving from other parts of the nervous system, performing the services of both ________________________ 4. The __________________________ maintains __________________________ by regulating a wide variety of __________________________________ and by linking the _______________________ with the ________________________ a. The hypothalamus regulates ______________________ and ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 5. The ____________________, in the area of the diencephalon, controls ______________________________ ___________________. a. By generating _________________________ feelings about experiences, the limbic system guides behavior that may __________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ G. The Brain Stem 1. The ____________________, consisting of the _______________________ __________________________, lies at the _____________ of the cerebrum, and connects the __________ to the __________ ___________. 2. The Midbrain a. The ______________, located between the _______________________ and ___________, contains bundles of myelinated nerve fibers that _______________________ to and from _________________________ of the brain, and masses of gray matter that serve as __________________________. b. The midbrain contains centers for __________________________________ reflexes. 3. The Pons a. The ________, lying between the _____________ and ______________ _______________, transmits impulses between the _______ and _______________, and contains centers that regulate the _____ _____________________________________ 4. The Medulla Oblongata a. The _____________________ transmits all ____________________ and _____________________ impulses between the _________________________________. b. The medulla oblongata also houses ___________ that control _____________________, including the __________________________ that controls ____________, the __________________________ for ________________________, and the _________________________________ that works, along with the pons, to control the _____________________________________ c. Other ______________ in the medulla oblongata are associated with ______________________________________________________ ___________________. 5. Reticular Formation a. Throughout the ___________ _______________, ___________________, _______________, _________________, and ______________________, is a complex network of ____________________________ connecting tiny islands of _______________; this network is the _____________________. b. ________________ activity in the reticular formation results in __________; ___________________ activity results in ____________________. c. The reticular formation _____________ incoming sensory impulses. H. Cerebellum 1. The ___________________ is made up of ___________________________ connected by a ___________________. 2. A ________ layer of ________ _____________ called the _______________ _____________ lies outside a core of _______________________. 3. The cerebellum communicates with other parts of the __________________ ___________________ through ____________________________. 4. The cerebellum functions to ____________________________________ about the _____________________________ and coordinates _______________________ _____________ and ___________________. Peripheral Nervous System A. The peripheral nervous system (_________) consists of the ______________ and _______________________ that arise from the central nervous system and ______ ____________________________________. B. The PNS is made up of the _______ ___________________ that oversees _____________________________, and the _________________________________ that ____________________________________. C. Cranial Nerves 1. ____________ pairs of cranial nerves arise from the _________________ of the brain, most of which are _____________. 2. The 12 pairs are designated by _______________________________ and include the ___________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ _________________________________ nerves. D. Spinal Nerves 1. __________________ pairs of ___________ nerves make up the spinal nerves. 2. Spinal nerves are __________ according to the _______________________ ________________ and are ______________ ______________________, beginning with those in the __________________________. 3. Each spinal nerve arises from __________________: a ______________, or ______________ root, and a __________, or ___________________ root. 4. The _____________________ of some spinal nerves form ______________. 5. Cervical Plexuses a. The cervical plexuses lie on __________________ of the __________ and _________________________________ 6. Brachial Plexuses a. The brachial plexuses arise from _________________________ and _______________________ nerves and lead to the _______________________________. 7. Lumbrosacral Plexuses a. The lumbrosacral plexuses arise from the _________________ ____________ and lead to the ___________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________ Autonomic Nervous System A. The autonomic nervous system has the task of ____________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________ B. General Characteristics 1. The autonomic nervous system includes ____________________________: the _____________ and ____________________ divisions, which exert _____________ _____________ on ___________________________. a. The parasympathetic division operates under ______________________________________. b. The sympathetic division operates under _______________________________________________ ______________________________.