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Biology and Behavior The Nervous System is our bodies “Blueprint”: – – – – It gathers & processes information Responds to stimuli Coordinates the workings of different cells Regulates our internal functions Nervous System is involved in psychological processes such as: - thought - movement - emotion - sensation Nervous System: The Building Blocks • Neurons (nerve cells) are the basic units of the nervous system • Location They run throughout our whole body! • Purpose communicate with one another by sending & receiving messages from the structures of our body Held in place & fed by Glial Cells: - provide nutrition, support, & insulation to neurons Nervous System: The Building Blocks • Types of Neurons: – Motor send information onward to control muscles – Sensory bring senses in from other senses – Associative provide links between neurons Structure of a Neuron • • • • Cell Body (Soma): directs actions of the cell Nucleus: contains genetic material for the cell Dendrites: enables neuron to receive information Axon: carry electrical signals (messages) out of the cells, sends a chemical message to adjacent neurons via Axon/Terminals • Myelin: insulates & protects Axons w/a fatty substance Nervous System: Communication • The Process of Communication: – In order for message to be sent from one neuron to another… must cross a Synapse junction between dendrites via Axon Terminals (where communication takes place) Nervous System: Communication • Neurons send messages across synapses (junctions) by releasing… Neurotransmitters chemicals stored in sacs in the axon terminals (look like “buttons”) Nervous System: Communication Fives Main Types of Neurotransmitters: Serotonin – affects mood, sleep, sensory perception, and other functions, may play a role in psychological disorders like depression Acetylcholine – involved in memory, muscle action, sleep, emotions, those w/ Alzheimer’s have lower levels Dopamine – affects movement, attention, memory, learning, plays role in addiction Norepinephrine – affects learning, memory, emotions, eating, alertness, etc. Epinephrine – emotions, memory storage Neurons are Communicating Nervous System: Two Main Parts Nervous System: Two Main Parts Part 1: Central Nervous System – Consist of brain & spinal cord – Function receives, processes, interprets, and stores sensory information Responsible for Spinal Reflexes: - automatic & require no conscious effort - Ex: touch something hot and immediately remove hand Nervous System: Two Main Parts Part II: Peripheral Nervous System – Consist of all parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord – Function handles the central nervous system’s input & output Sensory Nerves: - carry messages from receptors to brain Motor Nerves: - carry messages from CNS to muscles, glands, and internal organs Somatic Nervous System – Controls skeletal muscles – Permits voluntary actions Autonomic Nervous System – Regulates body’s vital functions (blood vessels, internal organs) – Permits self-regulating actions – Has two divisions: Parasympathetic System: - calms & relaxes the body - Ex: Feel sick to your stomach Sympathetic System: - mobilizes body for action - increases energy output - Ex: Fight or Flight