Download Chapter 8 - Missouri State University

Chapter 8
The Central Nervous System
Consists
CNS
of:


Receives
input from sensory neurons.
Directs activity of motor neurons.
_______________________ neurons maintain homeostasis in the internal
environment.
Membranes
Anatomy of the Brain
1.
2.
3.
Lobes
1.
2.
3.
4.

7 Basic Regions of Brain

Forebrain
1.
Cerebrum
2.
Diencephalon
______________________________
____________________________________________________________
Brainstem
3.
Medulla
4. Pons
5. Midbrain
6. Reticular Formation
Cerebellum
Divisions
1.
telencephalon
Anatomy of the Brain..
2.
diencephalon
3. mesencephalon
4. metencephalon
5. myelencephalon
6. Myelen
Cerebrum (Forebrain)
Rt
and lf hemispheres
2 major areas: 1. ____________________ & ________________
Each hemisphere is made up of:
Gray
mater (cerebral cortex)
substance (white matter)
Basal ganglia
Highly folded outer cellular layer
Most complex integrated area of nervous system
Medullary
Subcortical
nuclei – _____________________________________
Functions of Cerebrum
_________________:
compares & evaluates input & integrates
information into perception
Largest portion of brain (___________% mass).
Integrative:
Responsible
Somatic:
Impulses
for ___________________________________.
control of _______________________ movement:
from one area in one hemisphere cause muscle movement on the
opposite side of the body
Contains
sensory areas into which sensory fibers discharge
______________________
Cerebrum
___________________
Body
area of cerebrum
sense area which receives impulses from the skin concerned
with touch, warmth, cold, pain, taste, impulses from joints, muscles,
sight, hearing, smell
White
matter: _________________________
Cerebrum
Cerebral Cortex
(continued)
The
cerebral cortex is the ______________ portion (1.5mm to
5mm) of the cerebrum.
It is divided into __________________:
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital.
Characterized
Elevated
by numerous _____________________.
folds: ___________________.
Depressed groves: ____________________.
Function of Cerebral Cortex
Determines
_______________________
Determines _______________________
Interpretation of ______________________
__________________Function
Planning and Organization
___________________ Sensation
Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex
_________________
Function:
Emotional
Hearing
(continued)
(continued)
lobe:
Responses
Memory
Speech
Interpretation
and association of
_____________________________.
Frontal
lobe:
Cerebral Cortex
_____________________
Function:
Motor
Functions
Higher Order Functions
Planning
Reasoning
Judgment
Impulse Control
Memory
(continued)
portion of each cerebral hemisphere.
Cerebral Cortex
________________
Function:
Perception
(continued)
lobe:
of somatesthetic sensation.
_______________________________________________________
Cognition
Information Processing
Pain and Touch Sensation
Spatial Orientation
Speech
Visual Perception

Cerebral Cortex
(continued)
__________________________Lobe:
Vision
and coordination of eye movements.
Color recognition
Cerebral Cortex
(continued)
_____________________:
Memory
Sensory
information with _______________________ responses.
Coordinated cardiovascular response to ___________________.
___________
Basal Nuclei (basal ganglia)
matter composed of neuronal cell bodies located deep within
white matter.
Controls ____________________ movements such as running, walking
________________: cerebral cortex is poorly developed
________________________: removal of cc prevents sophisticated motor
functions but allow for ability of walking, eating, fighting, and sexual activity
Cerebral
Cerebral Lateralization
dominance:
Specialization
of one hemisphere.
___________________
More
hemisphere:
adept in language and analytical abilities.
Damage:
Severe
speech problems.
__________________________
Most
adept at visuospatial tasks.
hemisphere:
Damage:
Difficulty
5
1.
finding way
Diencephalon (Forebrain)
major areas
Hypothalamus
2. Thalamus
3. Limbic System
4. Epithalamus
5. Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Controls
____________________________________________.
Regulates sleep, wakefulness, emotions, sexual arousal, anger, fear,
pain, and pleasure.
Stimulates hormonal release from ___________________ pituitary.
Produces ______________________________________.
Coordinates __________________ and ____________________
reflexes.
Diencephalon (Forebrain)
Thalamus:
Composes
4/5 of the diencephalon.
Acts as relay center through which
_______________________________ passes to the cerebrum.
Diencephalon (Forebrain)
3. Limbic system
Group
of forebrain nuclei and fiber tracts that form a _______________ around
the brain stem.
Center
for basic ____________________drives.
Diencephalon (Forebrain)
4. Epithalamus
____________________
where CSF is formed.
Pineal gland which secretes ____________________________.
Diencephalon (Forebrain)
Pituitary Gland
2 areas: ________________ and
Pituitary
Hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that are
transported to anterior pituitary.
Regulate secretions of anterior hormones.
Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclie
Produce _________________________________________________
Transported via the
___________________________________________________
Posterior pituitary:

_______________________________________________________.
Anterior pituitary:
Regulates _______________________ of hormones of other endocrine glands.


Diencephalon (Forebrain)
(continued)
Emotion and Motivation
Involved
in ___________________ and ______________________.
Aggression:
______________________
Fear:
Amygdala
and hypothalamus.
and ______________________________________.
Feeding:
Hypothalamus
_________________________________________________
Hypothalamus
and limbic system.
Hypothalamus
and _____________________________________________.
Sexual
Goal
drive and behavior:
directed behavior (reward and punishment):
Midbrain
Contains:
Involved
in _________________ & visual reflexes.
of ascending and _______________________fiber tracts.
Required for ________________________________________.
Maintains connections with cerebrum and cerebellum.
Composed
Involved
in _____________________________________.
Brain Stem
1.
2.
Brain Stem
Brainstem is a continuation of the spinal cord
major area:
1. Pons:
Surface
fibers connect to ____________________, and deeper fibers are part
of motor and sensory tracts.
Send information from cerebral cortex to _______________________
Functions:
Arousal
Assists
Relays
Sleep
in Controlling ____________________________________
Sensory Information Between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum
Cerebellum:
Contains
Hindbrain
Latin for little brain
_______________% of brain material but 50% of all brain neurons
Receives input from ______________________________.
Found
in all joints, muscles, and pressure areas
Participates
in coordination of ____________________________________
learning, coordinating different joints during movement, and limb
movements.
Collecting house for all information regarding physical status of the body
Motor
Hindbrain
Myelencephalon
(continued)
(medulla oblongata):
All descending and ascending fiber tracts between spinal cord and brain must
pass through the medulla.
Vasomotor center:
_____________________________________________________.
Cardiac
Regulates
control center:
autonomic nerve control of heart.
Regulates
respiration with the ____________________________.
Network
Reticular Formation
of nuclei and nerve fibers within medulla, pons, midbrain,
thalamus and hypothalamus.
Function:
1________________________
2________________________
3________________________
4_________________________
5.
Relays Nerve Signals to the Cerebral Cortex
6. Sleep
Continuation
Spinal Cord
of the medulla (hindbrain)
Each vertebral segment gives rise to a ________________ of spinal
nerves
Receives sensory ____________________ fibers
Gives out _____________________motor fibers
Gray matter is centrally located, resembles a “_________” consists
of nerve cell bodies and their processes
White matter: _________________ nerve tracts
Ascending Spinal Tracts
Convey
sensory information from _______________ receptors,
proprioceptors and visceral receptors to cerebral cortex.
Sensory fiber tract decussation (crossing) may occur in medulla or
spinal cord.
Spinal
Spinal Nerves
Nerves: those that arise from spinal cord
Composed
of dorsal and ventral root (pg 214)
___________________: enters the dorsal portion of the spinal cord
Carries
_____________________(sensory) impules
Carries
_________________________________ impulses from spinal cord to striated muscle
Ventral
root: emerges from the ventral portion of the spinal cord
Unconscious
Stimulation
Synapses
3
1.
impulses to muscle and stimulates a reflex contraction.
is _____________directly involved.
layers:
Protective Layers - Meninges
Pia Mater – ______________most layer next to CNS
Single
2.
motor response to a sensory stimulus.
of sensory receptors evokes APs that are conducted into spinal cord.
with association neuron, which synapses with somatic motor neuron.
Conducts
Brain
Reflex Arc
layer of cells (fibroblast) joined to brain and spinal cord
Arachnoid – ______________________ layer
Spider-web
appearance
layer of fibroblasts
Traps CSF between it and the pia amtter (subarachnoid space)
Thin
3. Dura Mater – _____________________ membrane next to inner bone
surface

Much
thicker layer of fibroblasts that serves to protect CSF
Clear,
Cerebrospinal Fluid
colorless within subarachnoid space, central canal of spinal
cord, and ventricular system of brain
About 150 milliliters
______________ absorber
__________ blood cells, little ___________, little _______________
Produced by ________________________ lines the ventricles
Cauliflower – like
Na+ and K- cause
growth of blood vessels
Na and K cause osmosis of H2O
Blow
Contrecoup
to head injures the opposite side of where head was struck.
Why?
On
the side of the head where the hit occurred, the brain and CSF will move
together
On opposite side, the skull moves faster than the brain and in that now formed
space, a vacuum occurs
When vacuum collapses, the brain strikes the inner portion of the skull
Is why a boxer has occipital damage.