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Chapter 8 The Central Nervous System Consists CNS of: Receives input from sensory neurons. Directs activity of motor neurons. _______________________ neurons maintain homeostasis in the internal environment. Membranes Anatomy of the Brain 1. 2. 3. Lobes 1. 2. 3. 4. 7 Basic Regions of Brain Forebrain 1. Cerebrum 2. Diencephalon ______________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Brainstem 3. Medulla 4. Pons 5. Midbrain 6. Reticular Formation Cerebellum Divisions 1. telencephalon Anatomy of the Brain.. 2. diencephalon 3. mesencephalon 4. metencephalon 5. myelencephalon 6. Myelen Cerebrum (Forebrain) Rt and lf hemispheres 2 major areas: 1. ____________________ & ________________ Each hemisphere is made up of: Gray mater (cerebral cortex) substance (white matter) Basal ganglia Highly folded outer cellular layer Most complex integrated area of nervous system Medullary Subcortical nuclei – _____________________________________ Functions of Cerebrum _________________: compares & evaluates input & integrates information into perception Largest portion of brain (___________% mass). Integrative: Responsible Somatic: Impulses for ___________________________________. control of _______________________ movement: from one area in one hemisphere cause muscle movement on the opposite side of the body Contains sensory areas into which sensory fibers discharge ______________________ Cerebrum ___________________ Body area of cerebrum sense area which receives impulses from the skin concerned with touch, warmth, cold, pain, taste, impulses from joints, muscles, sight, hearing, smell White matter: _________________________ Cerebrum Cerebral Cortex (continued) The cerebral cortex is the ______________ portion (1.5mm to 5mm) of the cerebrum. It is divided into __________________: Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital. Characterized Elevated by numerous _____________________. folds: ___________________. Depressed groves: ____________________. Function of Cerebral Cortex Determines _______________________ Determines _______________________ Interpretation of ______________________ __________________Function Planning and Organization ___________________ Sensation Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex _________________ Function: Emotional Hearing (continued) (continued) lobe: Responses Memory Speech Interpretation and association of _____________________________. Frontal lobe: Cerebral Cortex _____________________ Function: Motor Functions Higher Order Functions Planning Reasoning Judgment Impulse Control Memory (continued) portion of each cerebral hemisphere. Cerebral Cortex ________________ Function: Perception (continued) lobe: of somatesthetic sensation. _______________________________________________________ Cognition Information Processing Pain and Touch Sensation Spatial Orientation Speech Visual Perception Cerebral Cortex (continued) __________________________Lobe: Vision and coordination of eye movements. Color recognition Cerebral Cortex (continued) _____________________: Memory Sensory information with _______________________ responses. Coordinated cardiovascular response to ___________________. ___________ Basal Nuclei (basal ganglia) matter composed of neuronal cell bodies located deep within white matter. Controls ____________________ movements such as running, walking ________________: cerebral cortex is poorly developed ________________________: removal of cc prevents sophisticated motor functions but allow for ability of walking, eating, fighting, and sexual activity Cerebral Cerebral Lateralization dominance: Specialization of one hemisphere. ___________________ More hemisphere: adept in language and analytical abilities. Damage: Severe speech problems. __________________________ Most adept at visuospatial tasks. hemisphere: Damage: Difficulty 5 1. finding way Diencephalon (Forebrain) major areas Hypothalamus 2. Thalamus 3. Limbic System 4. Epithalamus 5. Pituitary Gland Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Controls ____________________________________________. Regulates sleep, wakefulness, emotions, sexual arousal, anger, fear, pain, and pleasure. Stimulates hormonal release from ___________________ pituitary. Produces ______________________________________. Coordinates __________________ and ____________________ reflexes. Diencephalon (Forebrain) Thalamus: Composes 4/5 of the diencephalon. Acts as relay center through which _______________________________ passes to the cerebrum. Diencephalon (Forebrain) 3. Limbic system Group of forebrain nuclei and fiber tracts that form a _______________ around the brain stem. Center for basic ____________________drives. Diencephalon (Forebrain) 4. Epithalamus ____________________ where CSF is formed. Pineal gland which secretes ____________________________. Diencephalon (Forebrain) Pituitary Gland 2 areas: ________________ and Pituitary Hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that are transported to anterior pituitary. Regulate secretions of anterior hormones. Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclie Produce _________________________________________________ Transported via the ___________________________________________________ Posterior pituitary: _______________________________________________________. Anterior pituitary: Regulates _______________________ of hormones of other endocrine glands. Diencephalon (Forebrain) (continued) Emotion and Motivation Involved in ___________________ and ______________________. Aggression: ______________________ Fear: Amygdala and hypothalamus. and ______________________________________. Feeding: Hypothalamus _________________________________________________ Hypothalamus and limbic system. Hypothalamus and _____________________________________________. Sexual Goal drive and behavior: directed behavior (reward and punishment): Midbrain Contains: Involved in _________________ & visual reflexes. of ascending and _______________________fiber tracts. Required for ________________________________________. Maintains connections with cerebrum and cerebellum. Composed Involved in _____________________________________. Brain Stem 1. 2. Brain Stem Brainstem is a continuation of the spinal cord major area: 1. Pons: Surface fibers connect to ____________________, and deeper fibers are part of motor and sensory tracts. Send information from cerebral cortex to _______________________ Functions: Arousal Assists Relays Sleep in Controlling ____________________________________ Sensory Information Between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum Cerebellum: Contains Hindbrain Latin for little brain _______________% of brain material but 50% of all brain neurons Receives input from ______________________________. Found in all joints, muscles, and pressure areas Participates in coordination of ____________________________________ learning, coordinating different joints during movement, and limb movements. Collecting house for all information regarding physical status of the body Motor Hindbrain Myelencephalon (continued) (medulla oblongata): All descending and ascending fiber tracts between spinal cord and brain must pass through the medulla. Vasomotor center: _____________________________________________________. Cardiac Regulates control center: autonomic nerve control of heart. Regulates respiration with the ____________________________. Network Reticular Formation of nuclei and nerve fibers within medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus and hypothalamus. Function: 1________________________ 2________________________ 3________________________ 4_________________________ 5. Relays Nerve Signals to the Cerebral Cortex 6. Sleep Continuation Spinal Cord of the medulla (hindbrain) Each vertebral segment gives rise to a ________________ of spinal nerves Receives sensory ____________________ fibers Gives out _____________________motor fibers Gray matter is centrally located, resembles a “_________” consists of nerve cell bodies and their processes White matter: _________________ nerve tracts Ascending Spinal Tracts Convey sensory information from _______________ receptors, proprioceptors and visceral receptors to cerebral cortex. Sensory fiber tract decussation (crossing) may occur in medulla or spinal cord. Spinal Spinal Nerves Nerves: those that arise from spinal cord Composed of dorsal and ventral root (pg 214) ___________________: enters the dorsal portion of the spinal cord Carries _____________________(sensory) impules Carries _________________________________ impulses from spinal cord to striated muscle Ventral root: emerges from the ventral portion of the spinal cord Unconscious Stimulation Synapses 3 1. impulses to muscle and stimulates a reflex contraction. is _____________directly involved. layers: Protective Layers - Meninges Pia Mater – ______________most layer next to CNS Single 2. motor response to a sensory stimulus. of sensory receptors evokes APs that are conducted into spinal cord. with association neuron, which synapses with somatic motor neuron. Conducts Brain Reflex Arc layer of cells (fibroblast) joined to brain and spinal cord Arachnoid – ______________________ layer Spider-web appearance layer of fibroblasts Traps CSF between it and the pia amtter (subarachnoid space) Thin 3. Dura Mater – _____________________ membrane next to inner bone surface Much thicker layer of fibroblasts that serves to protect CSF Clear, Cerebrospinal Fluid colorless within subarachnoid space, central canal of spinal cord, and ventricular system of brain About 150 milliliters ______________ absorber __________ blood cells, little ___________, little _______________ Produced by ________________________ lines the ventricles Cauliflower – like Na+ and K- cause growth of blood vessels Na and K cause osmosis of H2O Blow Contrecoup to head injures the opposite side of where head was struck. Why? On the side of the head where the hit occurred, the brain and CSF will move together On opposite side, the skull moves faster than the brain and in that now formed space, a vacuum occurs When vacuum collapses, the brain strikes the inner portion of the skull Is why a boxer has occipital damage.