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Nervous System Structure The Nervous System • Central Nervous System (CNS) • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Neuraxis • The imaginary line drawn through the CNS, from the base of the spinal cord to the front of the brain. Nervous system directions, in relation to the neuraxis • Anterior / Rostral – Toward the nose (rOstral nOse) • Dorsal – Toward the back • Superior – Above • Lateral – Away from the midline • Ipsilateral – Same side • Posterior / Caudal – Toward the tail (cAudal tAil) • Ventral – Toward the belly • Inferior – Below • Medial – Toward the midline • Contralateral – Opposite side Contralateral Ipsilateral Nervous system planes • Transverse – Cross section • Sagittal – Sagittal section • Horizontal – Horizontal section Meninges • Three protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord Layers of the meninges – Dura Mater – Arachnoid membrane – Pia mater Dura mater Arachnoid membrane Subarachnoid space Arachnoid trabeculae Pia mater Brain Ventricles • Openings in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Cerebrospinal fluid • CSF is made in the choroid plexus • CSF flows through the ventricles into the subarachnoid space, where it surrounds the CNS. Neural development • Neural tube – Develops into the CNS • Neural tube forms 3 ventricles at the rostral end • Tissue surrounding ventricles = ventricular zone Neural development • Forebrain – Telencephalon – Diencephalon • Midbrain (Mesencephalon) – Tectum – Tegmentum • Hindbrain – Metencephalon – Myelencephalon Cellular development • Founder cells - in developing brain – Initial cells in the ventricular zone – Symmetrical division • Increases size of the ventricular zone – Asymmetrical division • Creates neurons while maintaining ventricular zone • Stem cells - in the adult brain Cellular development • Radial glia • Radial glia ensure development of systematic pathways in the brain. Cellular development • Cortical development ends with apoptosis • Neurons grow into adult form with dendrites, axons & terminal buttons • Neurons that do not connect with other neurons die Forebrain - Telencephalon • Telencephalon – Cortex – Limbic system – Basal ganglia Telencephalon • Cerebral cortex – surrounds the cerebral hemispheres – Gyri (singular: Gyrus) – Sulci (Sulcus) – Fissures • Cortex consists of densely packed glia and neurons • Four lobes of the brain – – – – Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Cortex - Frontal lobe • Prefrontal Cortex – Involved in organization of thought, planning actions, and higher cognitive functions. Cortex - Frontal lobe • Primary motor cortex (PMC) – Directly controls motor output – Somatotopic organization • Motor Association Cortex – Involved in planning movement Cortex - Parietal lobe • Primary Somatosensory Cortex – Receives sensory information – Somatotopic organization • Somatosensory Association Cortex – Somatosensory perception and memories Cortex - Temporal lobe • Primary Auditory Cortex – Receives auditory input • Auditory Association Cortex – Analyzes auditory information – Auditory perception and memory storage Coretex - Occipital lobe • Primary Visual Cortex – Receives input from the visual system – Input comes from the contralateral visual field • Visual Association Cortex – Analyzes information received in the PVC – Involved in visual perception Cortical connections • Corpus Callosum – large bundle of axons connecting corresponding regions of each hemisphere Telencephalon – Limbic system • Limbic system – Located within the telencephalon – Includes: • • • • Limbic cortex Amygdala Hippocampus Mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus • Fornix Limbic system • Major role in emotion, learning and memory Telencephalon – Basal ganglia • Basal ganglia – Motivation and generation of movement • Include: – Caudate nucleus – Putamen – Globus pallidus Forebrain - Diencephalon • Diencephalon • Located between the telencephalon and the midbrain – Includes: • Thalamus • Hypothalamus Diencephalon • Thalamus – Composed of nuclei that relay information to the proper cortical regions – Projection fibers Diencephalon • Hypothalamus – Controls the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system – Two major structures control endocrine function • Anterior pituitary gland • Posterior pituitary gland Midbrain (Mesencephalon) • Structurally and evolutionarily between the diencepalon and the hindbrain • Only two major structures – Tectum – Tegmentum Midbrain - Tectum • Located on the dorsal mesencephalon – Superior colliculi – Inferior colliculi Midbrain - Tegmentum • Located on the ventral mesencephalon – Reticular formation – Periaqueductal grey area – Red nucleus – Substantia nigra Hindbrain • Most primitive brain structure; responsible for basic survival functions • Consists of the metencephalon and myelencephalon Hindbrain - Metencephalon • Cerebellum (dorsal brainstem) – Attached to the pons by the cerebellar peduncles – Coordinates movement • Pons (ventral brainstem) – Projects information from cortex to cerebellum – Role in sleep and arousal Hindbrain - Myelencephalon • Caudal-most region of the brain – Contains the medulla oblongata • Cardiovascular & respiratory functions, muscle tone, arousal Spinal cord • Cells of the spinal cord – Grey matter • Cell bodies and unmyelinated axons • Dorsal horns • Ventral horns – White matter • Myelinated axons web.lemoyne.edu/.../graphics/spinal_cord.jpg Spinal cord • Spinal nerves – 31 pairs of spinal nerves attach to the spinal cord – Each spinal nerve consists of a motor efferent (output) and a sensory afferent (input) – As each nerve approaches the spinal cord, it splits into a dorsal and ventral root Spinal cord • Dorsal root – carries the sensory axon – Cell body is in the dorsal root ganglion – Axon enters the spinal cord • Ventral root – carries the motor axon – Cell body is in the ventral horn of the spinal cord – Axon exits to the periphery Cranial nerves • 12 pairs of cranial nerves attach to the ventral surface of the brain. – Sensory & motor functions of the face, head, neck and throat. Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Sensory input Motor control Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System “Fight or Flight” Response “Rest & Digest” Response Utilization of energy resources Conservation of energy resources