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10/8 AP Psych Class Announcements: Test or vocab quiz make-up: Shaniya, Madeline, Brooklyn, Aim: to discuss the functions of the nervous system categories, label the parts of the brain Do NOW: “The Science of Love” Turn in article HW: Bring Playdough!! Help class Wed after school 10/11,14 AP Psych Class Announcements: Test or vocab quiz make-up: Aim: explain functions of various parts of the brain Do NOW: none Turn in article answers HW: practice questions Study for test Turn in ch 2 notecards The Biology of Mind Chapter 2 Ways we Study the Brain • • • • • • • Accidents Lesions EEG CAT Scan PET Scan MRI Functional MRI Accidents Phineas Gage Story • Personality changed after the accident. What does this tell us? • Answer: Different parts of the brain control different aspects of who we are!!!!! Phrenology • Early attempt to study the brain • Franz Gall • He tried to “map” out the brain with corresponding personality traits. • They were identified by feel the bumps on your head Lesions • Purposeful removal or destruction of some part of the brain. Electroencephalogram • EEG machine • Detects brain waves through their electrical output. • Used mainly in sleep research. Computerized Axial Tomography • CAT Scan • 3D X-Ray of the brain. • Good for tumor locating, but tells us nothing about function. CT example Magnetic Resonance Imaging • MRI • More detailed picture of brain using magnetic field to knock electrons off axis. • Takes many still pictures (slices)and turns images into a movie like production. • Does not study function! MRI example • Notice the tumor… Positron Emission Tomography or PET Scan • Measures how much of a chemical the brain is using (usually glucose consumption). Patient drinks a radioactive sugar which show up when certain parts of the brain are being used. • Good for studying function!! PET scan • Depression Functional MRI • Combination of PET and MRI • fMRI is good for function, hence the f. The Biology of Mind I. Neural Communication Neurons How Neurons Communicate How Neurotransmitters Influence Us II. The Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System The Central Nervous System III. The Brain Neural Communication Neurobiologists and other investigators understand that humans and animals operate similarly when processing information. Note the similarities in the above brain regions, which are all engaged in information processing. Neural and Hormonal Systems Will Explain Why We FEEL…… Nervous Strong Pain Sick Neuroanatomy Synapse Neurotransmitters (chemicals held in terminal buttons that travel through synaptic gap) Synapse Parts of a Neuron Cell Body: Life support center of the neuron. Dendrites: Branching extensions at the cell body. Receive messages from other neurons. Axon: Long single extension of a neuron, covered with myelin [MY-uh-lin] sheath to insulate and speed up messages through neurons. Terminal Branches of axon: Branched endings of an axon that transmit messages to other neurons. Parts of a neuron: • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addict ion/reward/madneuron.html 1. Resting potential…… • Draw the axon membrane at resting potential Na+ (sodium) is outside the membrane K+ (potassium) is inside the membrane too, but a mainly negative charge exists INSIDE the membrane. Polarized • At resting potential, we say the cell is polarized, that is, the + and – charge are at opposite position (one is in the membrane, one is outside). 2. Threshold Threshold: Each neuron receives excitatory and inhibitory signals from many neurons. When the excitatory signals minus the inhibitory signals exceed a minimum intensity (threshold) the neuron fires an action potential. Gas vs. brake pedals of a car!!!! 3. Action Potential 4. Depolarization Action Potential-if threshold is reached, process of firing begins. Gates open and Na+ ions begin moving in and out of the axon Depolarized- during action potential when the ions are moving in and out. Action Potential A neural impulse. A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon and is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane. 5. Refractory • Refractory period- for a short time (before the ions can return to original position) the neuron can’t fire again immediately • Ex: when you flush a toilet, you can’t flush again immediately 6. Repolarize • The ions must go back to original position to be ready to fire again. • EX: This is like when the toilet bowl is filling up with water The All-or None Response • The idea that either the neuron fires or it does not- no part way firing. • Again, you can’t “kinda” flush a toilet!! Review • Put the following events in their proper order transmission to your “Study Buddy” : • Refractory • Depolarized • Resting potential • Action potential • repolarize • Threshold • Excitatory vs. inhibitory signals • polarized How does the brain perceive intensity, like pain? By the number of times the neuron fires!!!!!! How does the process create an electrical charge? The transfer of ions crossing the axon’s membrane causes an electrical charge. Review: How does a Neuron fire? • 1. Resting Potential: the neuron before it fires- is polarized • 2. Threshold reached- more excitatory than inhibitory signals • 3. action potential begins • 4. axon is depolarized – ions move in and out • 5. refractory/repolarizationreloading of ions- filling up the toliet bowl So….how do nerve cells communicate? • Do nerve cell touch each other and send the electrical charge to each other? • No!! They do not touch! • How would they know what “message” to send? • So…how does each cell communicate across a gap? • They are separated by a tiny gap. At the Synapse Synapse [SIN-aps] a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap is called the synaptic gap or cleft. Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters (chemicals) released from the sending neuron travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing it to generate an action potential. They fill in receptor sites like keys to a key hole. Lock & Key Mechanism Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in a key-lock mechanism. Reuptake Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the sending neurons through the process of reuptake. This process applies the brakes on neurotransmitter action. Reuptake demonstration • http://www.thirtee n.org/closetohome /animation/cocaanim-main.html • Neurotransmitters to know: • 1.Dopamine • 2. ACH • 3. serotonin • 4. endorphins • 5. glutamate • 6. GABA What is an SSRI? • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor • Prozac, Zoloft, Celexa etc….. • These are anti-depressants that block the reuptake of serotonin, therefore, making sure the synapse is filled with serotonin How is a neural transmission both an electrical and a chemical response? • Electrical- action potential create electricity • Chemical- at the synapse 1. Acetylcholine (ACH) • Deals with motor movement and memory. • Lack of ACh has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease. 2. Serotonin It’s pathways are involved with mood sleep and hunger. Too little: depression Too much: mania From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989 University of California Press 3. Dopamine • Its function is: motor movement, pleasure and alertness. Too little: dopamine is associated with Parkinson’s disease. Too much : is associated with schizophrenia. Norepinephine • Chemically the same as adrenaline • Controls alertness and arousal • Too little: depression 4. Endorphins • Function deals with pain control. We become addicted to endorphin causing feelings. 5. GABA • an inhibitory neurotransmitter • Too much: you become sedate, drowsy • Too little: anxiety 6. Glutamate • An excitatory neurotransmitter Too much: MSG excites neurons, starting migraines Too little: memory , concentration problems Drugs can be….. • Agonists- mimc and make neuron fire • Antagonists- stop neural firing • Reuptake Inhibitors- block reuptake What are agonists and antagonists? • Agonists mimic neurotransmitters. • Ex: Morphine mimics endorphin. • Antagonists block neurotransmitters: • Ex: curare blocks ACh (paralyzes you) Botox blocks ACh Agonists Antagonists Types of Neurons • Sensory (afferent) Neurons- from senses to spinal cord • Interneurons from spinal cord to brain • Motor (efferent) Neurons-from brain back to muscles, glands Neural Chain What about a reflex? • Sensory neuron • Hit knee motor neuron motor neuron to spinal cord There is no “inter neuron” involved!!!!!! Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) The Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Sympathetic NS “Arouses” (fight-or-flight) Parasympathetic NS “Calms” (rest and digest) Central Nervous System The Brain and Neural Networks Interconnected neurons form networks in the brain. Theses networks are complex and modify with growth and experience. Complex Neural Network The Endocrine System The Endocrine System is the body’s “slow” chemical communication system. Communication is carried out by hormones synthesized by a set of glands. Hormones Hormones are chemicals synthesized by the endocrine glands that are secreted in the bloodstream. Hormones affect the brain and many other tissues of the body. For example, epinephrine (adrenaline) increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and feelings of excitement during emergency situations. Pituitary Gland Is called the “master gland.” The anterior pituitary lobe releases hormones that regulate other glands. The posterior lobe regulates water and salt balance. Adrenal Glands Adrenal glands secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine :a.k.a adrenaline) during stressful and emotional situations btw: norepinephrine is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone •Nervous System Practice Questions Answers: • • • • • • • 1. B 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. B 11. E 12. A 13. B 14. D The Brain Thanks to KAP at www.appsychology.com! . The Brain: Older Brain Structures The Brainstem is the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for automatic survival functions. Brainstem The Medulla [muhDUL-uh] is the base of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing. Pons • Located just above the medulla. • Involved in facial expressions. (Pons = yawns) Reticular Formation • controls arousal and ability to focus our attention. • Reticular = net (like pantyhose); opens during day • Damage to it results in If Destroyed coma Thalamus • Switchboard “relay station” of the brain. • Receives sensory signals from the spinal cord and sends them to other parts of the brain. • Receives info from every sense except smell. Cerebellum • Bottom rear of the brain. • Means “little brain” • Coordinates fine muscle movements and balance. The Limbic System The Limbic System: our emotional center!!!! • The Limbic System is a doughnut-shaped system of neural associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex. Hypothalamus • Maybe most important structure in the brain!!!! Controls • Sleep • Eating, drinking • Pleasure, emotions The most powerful structure in the brain. • Body temperature Rat with an Implanted Electrode in pleasure center of Hypothalamus Reward pathways • http://bcs.worthpublishers.com/introvtk/play er/pages/inst_Browes_page.aspx?From=Searc h&Tab=bPage&SearchTerm=brain&SearchFro m=Gen Hippocampus • Involved in the processing and storage of memories. • Its proximity to your emotional centers explains why memories and emotions are so linked! Amy G. Dala • Is a very emotional girl “Drama Queen” Amygdala • Brain part involved in telling your body to produce norepinephrine (adrenaline) • More involved in volatile emotions like anger and jealousy. What would happen to you if your limbic system were disconnected from you frontal lobe? • The Phineas Gage Story Cerebral Cortex • The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body’s ultimate control and information processing center. • It’s what marks us different from animals! Features of he Cerebral Cortex • Made up of densely packed neurons we call “gray matter” • Glial Cells: support brain cells. • Wrinkles are called fissures. • It’s divided into 2 hemispheres and 4 lobes! The Cerebral Cortex is made up of four Lobes. Frontal Lobe • Controls abstract thought, personality and emotional control and planning. • Developed frontal lobe = maturity!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! • Lobotomies damage this. What is the motor cortex? • Part of the brain in the frontal lobe that tells my body how to move (like typing this). http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/brain/# What is the sensory cortex? It’s the part that senses our 5 senses. It’s In the parietal lobe. What are Motor and Sensory Cortexes? The wires are switched! Right controls left! The motor cortex is in which lobe? Parietal Lobes • Contain Sensory Cortex: receives incoming touch sensations from rest of the body. • Most of the Parietal Lobes are made up of Association Areas. Occipital Lobes • Think “optical”. • Contains Visual Cortex: interprets messages from our eyes into images we can understand. Temporal Lobes • Located in the thumb-shaped area • Process sound sensed by our ears. • Interpreted in Auditory Cortex. Specialization and Integration in Language Language Aphasia is an impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impaired speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impaired understanding). Language areas 1. Broca’s – speech “He broca his tongue and can’t speak!” 2. Wenicke’s – allows you to understand what others are saying “I don’t understand why Nick and Jessica broke up” 3. Angular Gyrus – allows to read in your head Corpus Callosum • The “bridge” between the two hemispheres Plasticity The brain is sculpted by our genes but also by our experiences. Plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to modify itself after some types of injury or illness. “Practice makes perfect”- the more you practice a skill, the more the brain changes. The hemispheres of the brain Left Hemisphere: logic, sequential and language tasks . Right Hemisphere: spatial, creative tasks and name recognition. Video: Split brain patient • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFgtGIL7 vEY • 10 minutes Review: Brain Parts List all the parts of the brain you would be using for the following tasks: Watching a horror movie Driving a car Arguing with someone by text message