* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download intro to psych brain and behavior
Neurogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Human multitasking wikipedia , lookup
Neural oscillation wikipedia , lookup
Dual consciousness wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Emotional lateralization wikipedia , lookup
Mirror neuron wikipedia , lookup
Synaptogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Limbic system wikipedia , lookup
Functional magnetic resonance imaging wikipedia , lookup
End-plate potential wikipedia , lookup
Lateralization of brain function wikipedia , lookup
Optogenetics wikipedia , lookup
Neuroesthetics wikipedia , lookup
Neural coding wikipedia , lookup
Blood–brain barrier wikipedia , lookup
Neural engineering wikipedia , lookup
Neuroregeneration wikipedia , lookup
Donald O. Hebb wikipedia , lookup
Neuroinformatics wikipedia , lookup
Artificial general intelligence wikipedia , lookup
Neurophilosophy wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
Haemodynamic response wikipedia , lookup
Human brain wikipedia , lookup
Brain morphometry wikipedia , lookup
Selfish brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Neurolinguistics wikipedia , lookup
Mind uploading wikipedia , lookup
Aging brain wikipedia , lookup
Circumventricular organs wikipedia , lookup
Activity-dependent plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Brain Rules wikipedia , lookup
Nonsynaptic plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Neuroplasticity wikipedia , lookup
Biological neuron model wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Neurotransmitter wikipedia , lookup
History of neuroimaging wikipedia , lookup
Stimulus (physiology) wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychology wikipedia , lookup
Single-unit recording wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Synaptic gating wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Metastability in the brain wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
Introduction to Psychology Brain and Behavior Nervous System CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves that carries information to and from the nervous system Peripheral Nervous System Somatic System: carries messages to and from sense organs and skeletal muscles Controls voluntary behavior Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System: glands and organs; “automatic functions” Heartbeat, digestion Peripheral Nervous System Sympathetic: fight or flight; prepares for action Parasympathetic: quiets the body; lowers arousal Neurons Nerve cells in the brain Carry messages; activate muscles and glands 100 billion neurons in the brain The Neuron Fig. 3.8 Parts of the Neuron Dendrites: receives messages from other neurons Soma: receives messages; sends nerve impulse down the axon Parts of the Neuron Axon: thin fiber leading to the terminal buttons; nerve impulses travel down the axon; carries messages Myelin sheath: fatty layer covering the axon that helps nerve impulses move faster Parts of the Neuron Synapse: the microscopic space between the neurons over which messages pass Neurotransmitters travel across the axon Ions: electrically charged molecules found inside and outside the neuron, with + or - charges Resting Potential Electrical charge of an inactive neuron -70 mv Messages from other neurons raise or lower the resting potential Threshold If the charge raises to -50 mv, the neuron reaches its threshold Threshold=trigger point for firing Ready to fire Neural Firing An action potential (nerve impulse) sweeps down the axon Ion channels open and sodium ions rush in After the action potential.... Positive ions flow back out; the neuron becomes negatively charged again Resting state is restored After firing, the neuron dips below resting level and is less willing to fire Firing... Firing is an all or nothing event The neuron either fires, or doesn’t fire It take 1/1000 of a second for a neuron to fire; on average, they fire between 1-400 times per second Neurotransmitters Chemicals that alter activity in the neurons Neurotransmitters travel from the terminal buttons across the synapse, and connect to special receptors sites on the dendrites and soma of the next neuron Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters can excite or inhibit firing Types of Neurotransmitters Dopamine: too little=Parkinson’s, too much=schizophrenia Acetylcholine: activates muscles Serotonin: deficiency associated with depression/anxiety Neuropeptides: influence memory, pain, emotion, and mood Endorphins: released by the pituitary glad; lessens pain The Brain Right and Left hemispheres Lateralization Divided by the corpus callosum Left and Right Hemispheres Left: Detail oriented Speech and language Calculating Understands one word at a time, not the big picture Right: Non-verbal Face recognition Express/detect emotion Understanding speech context/nuances of language The Brain’s Four Lobes Fig. 3.7 Functions of Lobes of the Cortex Frontal lobes Involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose Occipital lobes Function in vision Temporal lobes Parietal lobes Active role in hearing, language processing, and memory Roles in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control The Brain Recent research: Both heredity and environment shape the brain The role of experience and brain plasticity Dendritic Spreading Fig. 3.11 Pruning Changes to the dendrites and synapses Connections are formed and terminated Experience and the Brain Exposure to trauma: Depression: PTSD: reduced size of the hippocampus Parts of the brain atrophy over time Addiction: Changes in neurotransmitters Experience and the Brain Mice in deprived vs. enriched environments: differences in brain weight, neural connections and activity Children reared in deprived environments have depressed brain activity (i.e. Romanian orphans) Can be reversed; brain plasticity/resilience The Brain in Adolescence Adolescent emotions — Areas of the brain involved in emotional regulation are still growing/changing Poor self-control; seek rewards and pleasure Risk taking Lack of practical experiences; immature judgment Alcoholism Alcohol doesn’t “kill” neurons, but damages the dendrites Affects communication between neurons Frontal lobe and limbic system Brain may atrophy