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The Nervous System Part I “Not to be confused with Anxiety!” Physiology Standards 9 a-e “Coordinated structures and systems within the body help it to maintain homeostasis despite the changes in the outside environment (homeothermic)” Physiology Standards 9 a-e • a) Know how major body systems compliment each other to provide the body with Oxygen and nutrients while removing waste and Carbon Dioxide • b) Know how the nervous system allows different parts of the body to communicate and receive information from the outside environment • c) Know how the nervous and endocrine systems regulate conditions in the body using feedback loops Physiology Standards 9 a-e • d) Know the functions of the nervous system and the role of neurons in transmitting impulses • e) Know the role of sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons in sensation, thought, and response • The Nervous System controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and “responds” to internal and external stimuli – “Your nervous system is how your body communicates within itself and with the outside world” • Stimulus – (pl. stimuli ) is a change in environment such as a smell or a noise that is “detected” by an organism Neurons • The nervous system is made up of millions of cells called neurons • Messages carried by the nervous system are chemical and electrical signals called impulses • The cell that transmits impulses is called a neuron Neurons • There are three types of neurons: – Sensory neurons carry impulses from the sense organs to the spinal cord and the brain – Motor neurons carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands – Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons and carry impulses between them Neurons • The largest part of a typical neuron is called the cell body – Contains the nucleus – Where most metabolic activity takes place • Spreading out from the cell body are short, branched extensions called dendrites – Detect impulses from the environment to the cell body Neuron Structure Neurons • The long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body is the axon – Ends in a series of small areas called axon terminals – Some axons have an insulating membrane called the myelin sheath • The sheath leaves exposed parts of the axon called nodes where a nerve impulse can “jump” from one node to the next Neuron Structure Nucleus Axon terminals Cell body Myelin sheath Nodes Axon Dendrites The Synapse • At the end of an axon the nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal • The space between two neurons is called the synapse • A vesicle releases a neurotransmitter that communicates the message to the next neuron Direction of Impulse Axon Vesicle Axon terminal Neurotransmitter The Synapse Nervous System Divisions Brain Spinal cord • Central Nervous System: “CNS” – Composed of the Brain and the Spinal Cord • Peripheral Nervous System: “PNS” Peripheral Nerves – Composed of all of the nerves that run throughout the body – Responsible for gathering stimuli to be sent to the CNS