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Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Biological Foundations Chapter 2 Summary Chapter 2 will talk about the brain – The functions of the brain – The names of different parts of the brain – How the brain communicates with the body The Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Genetic Inheritance I. Neural Bases of Behavior Neuroscience: field studying how biological processes relate to behavioral and mental processes Neurons: cells that communicate information by sending and receiving signals to other neurons – There are as many as 1 TRILLION neurons within the nervous system I. Neural Bases of Behavior Glial Cells Provide structural support for the neurons The main parts of the neuron are: – Dendrites – The Soma (cell body) – The Axon – Axon Terminals – Myelin I. Neural Bases of Behavior Dendrites – Small branching structures attached to the soma that receive info from other neurons – Transmit info received to the soma Soma (cell body) – Determines whether or not to transmit info on to the axon Axon – Carries info away from cell body (soma) toward other neurons or to muscles and glands – May be covered with myelin (insulating substance) I. Neural Bases of Behavior Myelin – White substance that covers the axon, insulating and protecting it. – Helps speed up work of the neurons Axon Terminal – Branch out at the end of the axon I. Neural Bases of Behavior The Communication Process – Messages are sent from the axon terminals of one neuron to the dendrites of another neuron – In order for this process to happen, the message must cross a synapse A synapse is a junction between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of another I. Neural Bases of Behavior Communication (cont) Messages travel in only one direction Messages must: – enter the dendrites – travel through the cell body and axon to the axon terminals – cross the synapses to the dendrites of other neurons I. Neural Bases of Behavior Communication (cont) Neurons send messages across synapses through the release of neurotransmitters – Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are stored within the axon terminals There are several kinds of neurotransmitters – Acetylcholine is involved in the control of muscles and in learning and memory – Dopamine is involved primarily in motor behavior I. Neural Bases of Behavior Review The field studying how biological processes relate to behavioral and mental processes is known as: 1. – – – – A. B. C. D. Neuroscience Biology Psychological sciences Chemistry Messages from neurons travel in how many directions? 2. – – – – A. B. C. D. 3 6 1 2 II. Nervous System Organization II. Nervous System Organization Central Nervous System – Consists of the brain and the spinal cord (brain will be discussed later) – The spinal cord is a column of nerves about as thick as a thumb that extends from the brain down the back – Spinal cord is responsible for: Transmitting messages between the brain and the muscles and glands in the body The spinal cord is also involved in spinal reflexes II. Nervous System Organization Central Nervous System II. Nervous System Organization Peripheral Nervous System – Includes all nerves going to and from the brain and spinal cord – There are two major subdivisions within the PNS. 1. Somatic nervous system Includes all nerves carrying afferent (incoming) sensory information and efferent (outgoing) motor information to and from the sense organs and skeletal muscles II. Nervous System Organization Peripheral Nervous System Second major subdivision: 2. Autonomic nervous system: – Includes nerves outside the brain and spinal cord that maintain homeostasis (normal functioning of the body’s glands) – Autonomic nervous system is divided into two different branches II. Nervous System Organization The two branches of the Autonomic nervous system are: Parasympathetic – This is exposed when a person is relaxed and not under any physical or mental stress – Main function is to slow the heart rate and lower blood pressure II. Nervous System Organization The second part of the Autonomic Nervous System is: – Sympathetic Nervous System – Exposed when a person is under physical or mental stress – Main function is to increase heart rate and blood pressure – Mobilizes the body for “Fight or Flight” II. Nervous System Organization Review The brain and spinal cord make up the… – – – – A. B. C. D. Central NS Peripheral NS Autonomic NS Somatic NS Which nervous system is activated when your body is under physical stress? – – – – A. B. C. D. Sympathetic Parasympathetic Central Peripheral III. Tour through the Brain Alzheimer's Disease and its Effects III. Tour through the Brain There are three Major Brain Regions 1. Hindbrain – Found at the rear base of the skull 2. Midbrain – Located just above the hindbrain – Plays a critical role in attention and stimulation 3. Forebrain – Area in the brain that is the most forward in the skull III. Tour through the Brain Hindbrain consists of – Medulla, pons and cerebellum Midbrain consists of – The reticular formation of the brain Forebrain consists of – Thalamus, hypothalamus, and limbic system All of these structures will be discussed III. Tour through the Brain Hindbrain Structures 1. The Pons sleeping, arousal (mental), waking, dreaming 2. Cerebellum regulation and coordination of body movement. – Also plays a role in learning 3. Medulla controls breathing, heart rate swallowing, and digestion. Also allows you to maintain an upright posture YouTube - waterboy medulla oblongata III. Tour through the Brain Midbrain structures Reticular Formation regulation and maintenance of consciousness and sleep. Extends into the hindbrain and makes up a portion of the pons If damaged, a permanent coma can result Example: When you are startled by a loud noise, your heightened mental arousal is due to the reticular formation. 2) Also your reticular formation allows you to sleep through familiar sounds 1) III. Tour through the Brain Forebrain Structures: 1. Thalamus – – 2. Brain’s sensory relay station Sorts and sends messages from the eyes, ears, tongue, and skin to other parts of the brain Hypothalamus Most important function is to maintain homeostasis Constant internal body state Regulates eating, drinking, and other behaviors Controls release of hormones from the pituitary gland III. Tour through the Brain Forebrain Structures: 3. Limbic System (doughnut shaped neural structure) Two main structures within the Limbic System are amygdala and hippocampus – Amygdala controls fear and aggression – Hippocampus is important in memory formation III. Tour through the Brain Cerebral Cortex: Thinking center of the brain Coordinates and integrates all other areas of the brain into a fully functioning unit Divided into two round halves called Cerebral Hemispheres – Hemispheres are connected at the bottom by the Corpus Callosum III. Tour through the Brain Your Brain is cross wired: • Right hemisphere controls left side of body • Left hemisphere controls right side of body III. Tour through the Brain Cerebral Cortex Hemispheres – The two hemispheres specialize in different tasks – The LEFT specializes in verbal and analytical function – The RIGHT in nonverbal abilities such as: Spatio-manipulative skills Art Musical Abilities Visual recognition tasks III. Tour through the Brain 1. 2. 3. 4. There are 4 LOBES located in the Cerebral Cortex of the Brain Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe Occipital Lobe III. Tour through the Brain The 4 Lobes of the Brain Meditation and the effect is has on the brain III. Tour through the Brain Frontal Lobes – Located just behind the forehead – Control voluntary movement and speech – Involved with self – awareness, planning ability, social skills and working memory Working memory is located in the very front of the frontal lobes III. Tour through the Brain Parietal Lobes – Located at the top of the brain – Involved with all types of sensation information within the brain – Responsible for receiving and interpreting body sensations Information from skin and limbs III. Tour through the Brain Temporal Lobes – Located on each side of the brain Above the ears (temples) – Responsible for audition, language, comprehension, memory and some emotional control III. Tour through the Brain Occipital Lobes – Located on the back of the cerebral hemispheres – Visual regions of the brain – Allow you to experience shapes, colors, and motion – Also involved with information processing III. Tour through the Brain Damage to different parts of Cerebral Cortex: Damage To: Effects Occipital Lobe Blindness Parietal Lobe Loss of touch sensation Temporal Lobe Inability to understand words and sentences Frontal Lobe Inability to plan and reason. Dramatic personality changes III. Tour through the Brain Your brain can be affected by several different factors including – Food Different food has different affects – Sleep Amount of sleep can affect the brain – Drugs – Alcohol – Brain on Drugs Review 1) All of the following are lobes of the brain except? – – – – A. B. C. D. Parietal Ear Occipital Temporal 2) If your occipital lobe were to be damaged what would be the effects? – – – – A. B. C. D. Loss of touch Inability to plan Blindness Can’t dance IV. Genetic Background Heredity is the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring Psychologists study heredity to understand people’s behavior Genes are the building block of heredity IV. Genetic Background Characteristics of Genes – Genes are composed of DNA – Most normal human cells have 46 chromosomes divided into 23 pairs – In each pair, one chromosome is from the father and one is from the mother – The twenty-third pair determines gender – When a child is born without all 46 chromosomes, physical and behavioral disorders may result IV. Genetic Background Brothers and sisters of the same parents share 50% of the same genes Fraternal Twins develop from the union of two separate sperms and eggs – Their genes are no similar or no different from that of normal siblings (older or younger brother) IV. Genetic Background Identical Twins – Share the same genes – They develop from the union of the same egg and sperm that has split – They have exactly the same genotype IV. Genetic Background Nature vs. Nurture Debate Nature refers to heredity (biological makeup) Nurture refers to the environment (life experiences, family, education) Society have been debating this issue for years IV. Genetic Background “Nature” supporters argue that biological makeup primarily determines people’s traits and personalities “Nurture” supporters argue that the environment and everyday experiences determine how we behave and think – Both views are extreme – Most psychologists think that both nature and nurture determine psychological traits – The Nature-Nurture Issue Review 1) Which of the following is the building block for heredity? – – – – A. B. C. D. Eggs Blue jeans Genes Favorite color of mom and dad 2) All of the following are characteristics of genes except? – – – – A. B. C. D. Composed of DNA Twenty-third pair determines gender Most normal human cells have 46 pairs Sold in American Eagle