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Contemporary psychology Biological foundations of psychology Ottilia Boross McDaniel College Budapest 2008 The nervous system The Central Nervous System The brain glial cells neurons The building blocks of the nervous system Neurons Transmit neural impulses messages to other neurons, glands and muscles and vice versa Three types of neurons Sensory: Carry messages from sense receptors toward the central nervous system Motor: Carry messages away from central nervous system toward the muscles and glands. Inter-: Relay messages from one set of neurons to another. Neurons from different part of the body hippocampus cortex Nerve: bundle of elongated axons cerebellum Nucleus group of cell bodies of neurons in the brain and the spinal cord N g u c l e u s : See: nucleus accumbens (reward, laughter, pleasure, addiction and fear). Ganglion: group of cell bodies of neurons outside the brain and the spinal cord see: retina (vision) Glial cells support neurons provide them with nutritiants clean up waste Multiple sclerosis Structure of the Neuron Dendrites Branched fibers that extend outward from the main cell body and carry information into neuron. Cell Body The part of a cell (including neurons) containing the nucleus - which includes the chromosomes. Axon Conducts information from the cell body to the axon terminals in the form of an electric charge. Myelin sheath A fatty insulation coating some types of neural axons, which speeds conduction of neural impulses. Axon Terminals Bulb-like structures at the end of the axon, which contain neurotransmitters Action potential a "spike" of + and - ionic discharge that travels along the axon (electric impulse) „All or none” Action potential opens up the synaptic vesicles Synapse (chemical) lock-and-key action Neurotransmitters • chemicals transmitting information through the synaptic gap • bind to the receptors of the receiving (postsynaptic) neuron uptake degradation reuptake uptake degradation excitatory - inhibitory Clostridium botulinum How botox works Alzheimer’s disease (low level of acetylcholine) Ronald Reagan Parkinson’s disease • Muhammad Ali Michael J. Fox (low level of dopamine) connects the brain with the peripheral nervous system comprised of cell bodies and axons that carry messages Afferent: toward the brain (sensory function) Efferent: away from the brain (motor function) The spinal cord The brain 1.3 - 1.4 kg 1 trillion nerve cells (neurons) trillions of "support cells" - glia Functional organization of the human brain Brain Hindbrain Midbrain forebrain Hindbrain Brainstem Cerebellum Hindbrain Brainstem (primitive portion of brain) Pons - dreaming - sleep regulation Medulla - breathing heart rate upright position nerve tracks cross over Reticular activating system - arousal system within the brainstem Reticular formation activates the cortex maintains muscle tone of"antigravity muscles“ regulates breathing heartbeat sense of pain arousal mechanism coordinates • movement • motor learning • motor planning Midbrain connects the brainstem to the forebrain controls sensory processes brain activity Forebrain thalamus hypothalamus limbic system pituitary gland cerebral cortex Relay station between sense receptors and the brain Controls sleep, wakefulness Regulates homeostasis eating drinking hormons sexual behavior emotion stress The limbic system Long-term memory The limbic system Emotions (fear), memory Pituitary gland Two hemispheres • Not identical, not symmetrical • Left brain – dominant (speach center) • Broca’s area – speach production • Wernicke’s area – speach understanding • Corpus callosum – thick bundle of nerves that interconnects the hemispheres Split brain Surgery for epilepsy : cut the corpus callosum Sperry (1968) & Gazzaniga (1970) Cerebral Cortex The Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic: controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands Somatic: controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles Sympathetic (arousing) acts as a unit, simultaneously excites the different organs of the body “Fight or Flight” Parasympathetic (calming) affects one organ at a time The Endocrine System “slow” chemical communication system a set of glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream EEG - electroencephalograph • the measurement of the brain’s electrical activity, recorded from electrodes placed on the scalp. Computerized axial tomography, CAT • threedimensonal image of the brain from a large series of twodimensional X-ray images PET Scanning - positron emission tomography • Measuring the brain's blood flow and metabolic activity. radioactively labeled sugar (tracer) is injected to the blood MRI - magnetic resonance imaging • A powerful magnet realigns the protons of the body's hydrogen atoms so that they all spin along the same axis .... •... normally, the nuclei of the body's atoms spin on axes aligned in all different directions. Human Genome 30.000-35.000 genes in the nucleus of every human cell DNA Two strands, twisted together in a double helix The links between the strands are called bases The sequence of the basepairs is unic to any individual DNA • Each DNA molecule carries many genes • Genes: the basic phisical and functional units of heredity. The DNA segments (specific sequence of bases) carry this genetic information. • 99.9 % of our DNA is identical to everyone else’s Chromosomes: • Tightly twisted and coiled threads of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) + protein molecules • Each chromosome contains a single, long piece (strand) of DNA • Chromosome: 0.004 mm • DNA: 4 cm (10.000 times longer) 23 pairs of chromosomes Sex chromosomes Twinstudies Identical twins nature or nurture?