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Download Unit 2 The Brain
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Partner Activity • With a partner answer each practice AP question to the best of your ability. (no book, no notes, and no phone). Question 1 • The basic building block of the nervous system is the: – A. Neurotransmitter – B. Brain – C. Synapse – D. Neuron – E. Dendrite Answer • D. Neuron – There are three types of neurons you need to know for the test. • Sensory • Interneurons • Motor Question 2 • The process of a neuron firing is called? – A. Action Potential – B. Inhibitory Potential – C. Excitatory Potential – D. Graded Potential – E. Neuron Potential Answer • A. Action potential Question 3 • The chemical messengers that cross synapse to “send a message” from one neuron to the next are called? – A. Action potentials – B. Hormones – C. Neurotransmitters – D. Genes – E. Chromosomes Answer • C. Neurotransmitters Question 4 • An individual is having trouble with cognitive tasks related to learning and memory. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most likely to be involved with the problem? – A. Acetylcholine – B. Dopamine – C. Serotonin – D. Endorphins – E. GABA Answer • A. Acetylcholine Question 5 • If an axon of a neuron is covered with myelin, which of the following is TRUE? – A. the action potential will move much slower down the axon – B. The action potential will move much faster down the axon – C. The neuron must be a sensory neuron – D. The threshold of excitation will increase – E. the threshold of excitation will decrease Answer • B. the action potential will move much faster down the axon – To get this question right you must know what the myelin sheath does. Question 6 • The part of the neuron that receives information from neighboring cells is called the: – A. membrane – B. axon – C. Vesicles – D. Nucleus – E. Dendrites Answer • E. Dendrites – The dendrites are the branches of the neuron that bring in information. Question 7 • The part of the neuron that sends information to neighboring cells is called the: – A. Membrane – B. Terminal Buttons – C. Vesicles – D. Nucleus – E. Dendrites Answer • B. Terminal Buttons Question 8 • Which is the correct path that the action potential moves across the neuron? – A. Axon-Cell Body-Dendrite – B. Dendrite – Axon – Cell Body – C. Cell Body – Axon – Dendrite – D. Dendrite – Cell Body – Axon – E. Axon – Dendrite - Axon Answer • D. Dendrite – Cell Body – Axon Question 9 • Of the following, which are located exclusively in the central nervous system? – A. Motor Neurons – B. Interneurons – C. Sensory Neurons – D. Glial Cells – E. Thyroid Answer • B. Interneurons – The central nervous system makes up the spinal cord and the brain. Interneurons are only found in the brain. Question 10 • Loss of the ability of the brain to produce adequate levels of dopamine often leads to: – A. Aphasia – B. Alzheimer’s Disease – C. Parkinson’s Disease – D. Bipolar Disorder – E. Amnesia Answer • C. Parkinson’s Disease – Lack of dopamine is going to impact your motion control. History of Neuroscience • Earliest accounts of human interaction with the brain go back to Ancient Egypt. Was regarded as a “cranial stuffing.” • By the Renaissance thinkers of the time period began to try and determine the function of the brain. • Early 1800’s in England and America focused on head shape and intelligence. • Brainstem – Oldest part of the brain. Responsible for automatic functions. • Cerebellum – “little brain” responsible for processing sensory input and coordinating movement and balance. • Limbic System – Doughnut- shaped neural system. Associated with emotions and drives. • Cerebral Cortex – The lobes of the brain. The ultimate control center for the brain. The Brainstem Brainstem Functions • Medulla – Base of the brainstem, controls heartbeat and breathing. • Pons – Helps to coordinate movement. • Reticular formation – Nerve network plays an important role in arousal. • Thalamus – Sensory switchboard. Directs messages to the sensory receiving areas of the cortex. Cerebellum Functions of the Cerebellum • Helps us judge time • Regulates emotions • Discriminates sounds and textures • Coordinates voluntary movement Limbic System Functions of the Limbic System • Amygdala – Linked to emotion and long term memory. • Hypothalamus – Directs maintenance activities, eating and drinking and controls the endocrine system through the pituitary gland. • Hippocampus – Linked to processing memories (long term memory) The Cerebral Cortex Functions of the Cerebral Cortex • Frontal Lobe – Working brain. Responsible for speaking, muscle movements and judgments. – Motor Cortex: Area in the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movement. • Parietal Lobe – Responsible for processing sensory input for touch and body position. – Sensory Cortex: area that registers and processes body touch and movement. • Occipital Lobe – Responsible for processing visual sensory information. • Temporal Lobe – Responsible for processing sound. • Glial Cells – Cells that protect neurons. Functions of Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas • Broca’s Area: – Controls language expression. Usually in the left frontal lope. • Wernicke’s Area: – Controls language comprehension. Usually in the left temporal lobe. Brain Challenge Parts of the Brain and Function • List the functions for as many parts of the brain as you can: (No notes) • • • • • • • • • • • Frontal lobe Parietal Lobe Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe Cerebellum Reticular Formation Amygdala Pons Medulla Hypothalamus Hippocampus