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Student Resource 8.7 Glossary: The Nervous System This glossary includes terms that have been introduced in Lesson 8. We have separated terms into categories to make it easier to remember them, but many terms could fit into more than one category. Anatomy Terms Term Definition axon A long projection in a neuron that carries a nerve impulse away from the cell body and toward other cells. axon terminal Finger-like projections at the end of an axon that meet with another cell at a synapse. brain One of the organs of the nervous system, the body’s central “computer” that receives, integrates, and sends messages. cell body The part of a neuron where the cell’s ordinary functions are carried out. dendrites Tree-like extensions from the neuron cell body that collect input from other neurons or the environment and send it toward the cell body. glial cells Nervous tissue cells that support and protect brain cells. myelin sheath A covering made of fat and protein that insulates axons and allows them to conduct signals more quickly. Copyright © 2014‒2015 National Academy Foundation. All rights reserved. Notes AOHS Foundations of Anatomy and Physiology I Glossary Lesson 8, The Nervous System nerve A bundle of axons wrapped in connective tissue. spinal cord An organ of the nervous system and the largest nerve in the body. It is an extension of the brain stem that carries messages between the brain and parts of the body below the head and neck. vesicles Tiny sacs in the axon terminal that contain neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft. Physiology Terms Term Definition autonomic nervous system Controls the activities of smooth (involuntary) muscles. These nerves go from your spinal cord to your lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, bladder, and sex organs. central nervous system Consists of the brain and spinal cord; it handles the task of integrating information. depolarization Occurs when sodium ions rush into the cell during an action potential, raising the membrane potential from a very negative value to be more positive. For a short time, the charges on either side of the cell membrane switch, making the inside of the cell membrane positive relative to the outside. effector organ The muscle or gland that produces the response in a reflex arc. interneuron Neurons that connect and create pathways between other neurons, often connecting sensory neurons with motor neurons. Copyright © 2014‒2015 National Academy Foundation. All rights reserved. Notes AOHS Foundations of Anatomy and Physiology I Glossary Lesson 8, The Nervous System motor division Part of the peripheral nervous system, made of motor neurons that receive messages from the central nervous system and respond, usually by contracting muscle cells. motor neuron Neuron that receives signals from the brain and spinal cord to stimulate muscles and glands. parasympathetic nervous system Part of the autonomic nervous system: it maintains the resting state of the body, such as heart rate and activity of the digestive system. peripheral nervous system Part of the nervous system that comprises nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; it handles sensory input and motor output. reflex A rapid, automatic response that results in movement or the stimulation of a gland. Reflexes happen in both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. reflex arc The path followed by the nerve impulses that trigger and produce the response of a reflex. sensory division Part of the peripheral nervous system, made of sensory neurons with receptors that collect and convey information about the environment. sensory neuron Neurons that respond to stimuli from the environment and carry that information to the central nervous system. somatic nervous system Part of the peripheral nervous system; it governs the movement of skeletal muscles, including reflexes. sympathetic nervous system Part of the autonomic nervous system; it controls heartbeat and other body functions and becomes more active when the body is subjected to physical or emotional stress. When it is more active, the sympathetic nervous system brings on flight-or-fight response. Copyright © 2014‒2015 National Academy Foundation. All rights reserved. AOHS Foundations of Anatomy and Physiology I Glossary Lesson 8, The Nervous System Medical Terms Term spinal cord injury (SCI) Definition An injury to the tissue that makes up the spinal cord and that usually results in paralysis of parts of the body below the site of the injury. Copyright © 2014‒2015 National Academy Foundation. All rights reserved. Notes