Download BIO 141 Unit 5 Learning Objectives

BIO 141 Unit 5 Learning Objectives Upon your successful completion of this unit, you will be able to do the following. Chapter 13 – Nervous System: Brain and Cranial Nerves 1. Define neurulation and describe the three different types of embryonic tissue. 2. List and describe the three primary vesicles of the brain present at the fourth week of gestation. 3. Identify the brain regions that develop from each of the secondary brain vesicles. 4. Explain the importance of vitamin B12 and folic acid in the prevention of neural tube defects. 5. Distinguish between gray matter and white matter in relation to their composition and distribution in the brain. 6. List the four structures that protect the brain. 7. Explain the tissue type and location for each of the three cranial meninges. 8. Describe the location of the following three spaces associated with the meninges, a. subarachnoid space. b. subdural space (potential space). c. epidural space. 9. Explain the location and role of the dural venous sinuses. 10. Explain the complications associated with subdural hematomas. 11. Briefly explain the possible complications of inflammation of the cranial meninges. 12. List the four cranial dural septa, and give their locations. 13. Name the four ventricles of the brain and describe where each is located in the brain. 14. Name and describe the function of the cells that line a ventricle. 15. Describe the formation, circulation, and removal of cerebrospinal fluid (Refer to figure 13.9). 16. Describe the three functions of cerebrospinal fluid. 17. Describe the condition that would result from a blockage in CSF flow. 18. Describe the three layers that compose the blood-­‐brain barrier. 19. Briefly explain how the blood-­‐brain barrier protects the brain. 20. State why the following areas of the brain lack the blood-­‐brain barrier, a. choroid plexus. b. hypothalamus. c. pineal gland. 21. Given an image, identify and explain the function of the following structures of the brain, a. sulcus (central sulcus, lateral sulcus, and parieto-­‐occipital sulcus). 1 b. gyrus (precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus). c. ventricles (lateral, third and fourth ventricles. d. Cerebral lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal and insula). e. fissure (longitudinal, and transverse). 22. Given an image, identify and explain the function of the following anatomical structures of the cerebrum, a. White matter (corpus callosum, fornix, association tracts, commissural tracts, projection tracts). b. gray matter (cerebral cortex, cerebral/basal nuclei). 23. Explain why someone who receives damage to one side of their primary motor cortex, is unable to move the opposite side of their body. 24. Identify the cerebral lobe in which the following areas are located, a. primary motor cortex. b. motor speech area. c. primary auditory cortex. d. primary visual cortex. e. primary somatosensory cortex. 25. Briefly explain the function of the areas listed below, a. primary motor cortex and premotor cortex. b. motor speech area (Broca’s area) and Wernicke’s area. c. primary auditory cortex and auditory association area. d. primary visual cortex and visual association area. e. primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association area. 26. Compare the difference in size in the motor and sensory homunculus between the shoulder and the tongue. 27. Explain the general differences in the functions of the left and right side of the brain. 28. Given an image, identify and explain the function(s) of the following anatomical structures of the diencephalon, a. pineal gland (part of the epithalamus). b. thalamus. c. hypothalamus (seven functions). 29. List the three regions that compose the brainstem. 30. Given an image, identify the following structures associated with the brainstem, a. midbrain. b. medulla. c. pons. d. fourth ventricle. e. cerebral aqueduct. 31. Explain the functions of the following structures associated with the brainstem, a. substantia nigra. b. medulla. c. pons. d. superior and inferior colliculi. 2 e. pyramids. 32. Briefly explain the changes that occur in the brain of an individual with causes of Parkinson disease. 33. Explain the location and functions of the cerebellum. 34. Given an image, identify the location of the following, a. folia. b. arbor vitae. 35. Explain the function of cerebellar peduncles. 36. List and briefly describe the four cerebellar pathways. (Refer to Figure 13.25) 37. Explain the main functions of the limbic system. 38. Explain the main functions of the hippocampus. 39. Explain the functions of the reticular activating system (RAS). 40. For each of the twelve cranial nerves provide the following information, a. name. b. sensory, motor or both. c. brief function. d. Roman numerals. 41. Briefly explain the following conditions, a. Trigeminal neuralgia (Tic douloureux). b. Bell’s palsy. c. paralysis of the vagus nerve. 42. Define cerebral lateralization and the general functions of the left and right hemispheres. Chapter 14 -­‐ Nervous System: Spinal cord and Spinal Nerves External Structures (Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy) 1.
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Identify the start and end locations of the spinal cord. List five anatomic subdivisions of the spinal cord. List the number of spinal nerves in relation to each anatomical subdivision. Describe the location and composition of the cauda equina. Define filum terminale, conus medullaris, cervical enlargement, and lumbosacral enlargement. Protection of spinal cord 6. Briefly describe the structures that protect the spinal cord from outside to inside (vertebrae, meninges, denticulate ligaments, and cerebrospinal fluid). 7. Name three spaces associated with the spinal meninges and identify their locations. 8. Explain the purpose of a lumbar puncture and indicate into which space it is administered and why it is done below the level of the L1-­‐L2 vertebrae. 3 Internal structures (Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord) 9. Define gray matter and white matter. 10. Identify and briefly describe the following structures given a cross section of the spinal cord. a. anterior, posterior, lateral horns, b. anterior, posterior, lateral funiculus, c. gray commissure d. central canal 11. Identify the nervous system structures found in the a. anterior horn, b. lateral horn, c. posterior horn. 12. Identify the nervous system structures found in the a. anterior funiculus, b. posterior funiculus, c. lateral funiculus. Spinal Cord Conduction Pathways Sensory (ascending) Pathway 13. Name the three sensory pathways. 14. List sensations carried by each sensory pathway. 15. Differentiate among first order, second order (central), and third order neurons. 16. Explain why the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa. Motor (Descending) pathway 17. Distinguish between direct and indirect motor pathways. 18. Differentiate between upper and lower neurons. 19. Name two different direct motor pathways. 20. List the four different indirect motor pathways. Spinal Nerves/Nerve Plexuses 21. Explain why there are 8 pairs of cervical spinal nerves and only seven cervical vertebrae. 22. Explain why spinal nerves are mixed nerves. 23. Identify and briefly describe the following structures given a cross section of the spinal cord. a. dorsal root ganglion b. dorsal (posterior) root c. ventral (anterior) root d. dorsal ramus e. ventral ramus f. rami communicans g. visceral sensory nuclei 4 h. somatic sensory nuclei i. autonomic motor nuclei j. somatic motor nuclei 24. State the effect on the function if there is damage to a) anterior root, b) posterior root, c) the spinal nerve, and d) anterior or posterior rami. 25. Define dermatome. 26. Explain how the referred pain associated with appendicitis follows the distribution of the dermatome. Spinal plexuses 27. Define nerve plexus. 28. Name the four major nerve plexuses. 29. Determine the body part/muscle which is innervated by each of the following major nerves: a. phrenic nerve, b. median nerve, c. radial nerve, d. femoral nerve, e. sciatic nerve. 30. Explain why a spinal cord injury at the level of C3 is much more fatal than an injury at C7. Reflexes 31. Define reflex. 32. Explain why reflexes are important. 33. List the five basic components of a reflex arc in order. 34. Define the following terms: a. ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflex b. monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflex c. somatic vs. visceral (autonomic) reflex d. spinal vs. cranial reflex 35. Name and describe the five specific components of the patellar (knee-­‐
jerk/stretch) reflex. 36. Briefly explain the purpose of the withdrawal and cross extensor reflexes. 37. Briefly describe the process of reciprocal inhibition in relation to the stretch reflex. 5