Download The Neurological System

The Neurological System
M. DuBois Fennal, PhD, RN, CNS,
The Central Nervous System
• Brain
• Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System
• Cranial Nerves
• Spinal Nerves
– Afferent (toward)
– Efferent (away)
Somatic Nervous System
• Regulate voluntary motor control
Autonomic Nervous System
• Involve regulation of the body’s internal
environment (viscera) through involuntary
control or organ system
Sympathetic Nervous System
• Makes everything go faster
– Heart rate
– Respirations
– Dilates pupils
– Increase peristalses
– Increase the urge to void
– CAUSES ADNERGIC RESPONSE
Parasympathetic
• Slows everything down
– Heart rate
– Respirations
– Peristalsis
– CAUSES CHOLERNERGIC RESPONSES
Neuron
• Uses glucose as fuel to maintain
homeostasis in the neurological
environment
• Sensory neurons (afferent)
• Associational (from neuron to neuron
sensory to motor)
• Motor neurons (efferent)
Neuroglia and Schwann Cells
• Support the neurons
Nerve Injury and Regeneration
• Mature nerve cells do not generate
• New research shows that if a damage
nerve cell is near a neural tube it may
somehow go back to into the tube, and
produce movement that can be enhanced
with rehabilitation.
Synapses
• Needed, a chemical, an electrical stimulus,
a chemical and electrical stimulus
• Nerve impulses have to jump from one
area to the other because the neurons are
not continuous.
Neuro transmitters
• Norepinephrine
• Amino Acids
The Cranium
• Protects the brain
• Is inflexible after a certain age
• Can tolerate little expansion within the
cavity.
Meninges
• Surround
• Protect
• Pia mater follows the contour of the brain
and the spinal cord. Provide support for
the blood vessels supplying the brain.
• The choroid plexuses produces the spinal
fluid
Central Nervous System (Brain)
• Weight 3 pounds
• Utilizes 15% of the blood from each
cardiac output
• Necessary for vital functions, personality,
intellect, and interaction with the
environment
• Control
– Prefrontal area responsible for goal oriented
behavior (concentration, short term memory,
recall memory, reasoning and inhibition
– Pre-motor are responsible for programming
motor movement, including movement of the
eyes
• Primary motor area (specific motor
movement)
• Broca speech area is usually left
hemisphere, responsible for motor part of
speech (damage to the area causes
aphasia (the inability to form words).
• Parietal lobe
• Involved in sensory association
storage
analysis
interpretation
• Occipital lobe
– Vision
• Temporal lobe
– Auditory interpretation
– Reception and interpretation of the spoken
word (Wernicke area)
– Long term memory
– Balance
– Taste
– Smell
• Limbic system
– Primitive behavior emotion, feelings, biologic
rhythms and sense of smell
Diencephalon
• The thalmus is a relay station
• The hypothalmus maintains the
environment and integrate behavior
patterns, endocrine function, and regulate
emotional function.
Midbrain
• Responsible for visual movement
• Auditory movement
• Communication with the spinal cord
• Synthesization of dopamine a precursor of
norepinephrine
• Transports spinal fluid (aqueduct of
Sylvius)
Hindbrain
• Responsible for reflexive and fine motor
movement, balance, posture
Myelencephalon
• Responsible for
– Respirations
– Heart rate
– Blood pressure
– Sneezing, coughing, swallowing, vomiting
– Sleep wake center
Spinal Cord
• Communication between the brain, the
nerves, the muscles, the reflexes and the
body.
Cerebrospinal Fluid
• Protects and bathe the brain and the
spinal cord
• Pressure 5 to 14 mmHg
Vertebral Column
• Thirty three verterbrae
Blood Supply to the brain
• Internal carotid arteries
• Vertebral arteries
– Anterior cerebral artery
– Middle cerebral artery
– Posterior cerebral artery
– Circle of Willis
Blood supply to the spinal cord
• Vertebral arteries
• Aorta (branches)
• Posterior spinal arteries
Peripheral Nervous system
• The cranial and spinal nerves
• Page 315 figure 12-22 and table 12-6